Title: Post-War Prosperity and the Cold War (1945-1960)
Course: Question Banks

Q: The return of American soldiers after WWII and the postwar economic boom resulted in
- overpriced housing that a majority of Americans could not afford. (Incorrect. The postwar housing demand led to a boom in suburban housing developments, where affordable, prefabricated, mass-produced homes could be purchased.)
- overcrowded cities. (Incorrect. The postwar years saw an expansion of suburban communities, a result of the construction of affordable housing developments on the outskirts of cities.)
- a boom in the housing market, which was quickly followed by a crash in 1947. (Incorrect. While it was true that the postwar economic boom led to a growth in the housing market, there was no crash in 1947. The postwar economic prosperity continued well into the 1950s.)
- a rise in suburban communities and home ownership. (Correct! To meet the demand after the war, developers across the country built affordable, prefabricated, mass-produced homes on the outskirts of cities.)
A: a rise in suburban communities and home ownership.

Q: When WWII ended, women who had been employed in the U.S. during the war
- immediately petitioned Congress for a law prohibiting employers from firing existing female workers. (Incorrect. Women did not petition Congress for such a law at the war’s end.)
- launched the first successful nationwide campaign for “equal pay for equal work” in 1946. (Incorrect. The triumph of the equal pay for equal work campaign took place in 1963, with the passage of the Equal Pay Act prohibiting wage discrimination based on sex.)
- were deemed eligible to receive all of the benefits of the G.I. Bill. (Incorrect. Women employed during the war were not eligible for the G.I. Bill benefits. Only honorably discharged veterans were eligible.)
- lost their jobs to make way for the returning veterans. (Correct! Women were let go or encouraged to give up their jobs to make way for returning troops.)
A: lost their jobs to make way for the returning veterans.

Q: The challenge facing Japanese Americans at the end of the war included
- revocation of their U.S. citizenship and deportation to Japan. (Incorrect. This did not happen. Americans of Japanese descent did not lose their citizenship or were forced to return to Japan.)
- confiscation of their properties by the government until 1950. (Incorrect. This did not happen. The internment of Japanese Americans ended in January of 1945, at which time they were allowed to go home and reclaim their properties.)
- completing a 12-month training and passing the Loyalty Test in order to be reinstated as U.S. citizens. (Incorrect. Citizenship of Japanese Americans was not revoked, and there was no Loyalty Test required in order to be reinstated as American citizens.)
- returning to their homes after internment and overcoming the legacy of anti-Japanese wartime propaganda. (Correct! During the war, Japanese Americans were forced to leave their homes and relocate to internment camps set up by the government. As a result, they returned home after the end of internment to find their property destroyed, stolen, or claimed by somebody else. They also had to deal with the impact of the wartime negative portrayal of the Japanese people.)
A: returning to their homes after internment and overcoming the legacy of anti-Japanese wartime propaganda.

Q: The G.I. Bill assisted WWII veterans by
- providing healthcare coverage. (Incorrect. The G.I. Bill did not include healthcare benefits.)
- guaranteeing employment in federal agencies. (Incorrect. The G.I. Bill enabled veterans to pursue education but did not guarantee employment of any kind.)
- waiving interest on loans to purchase homes or start businesses for 24 months. (Incorrect. The G.I. Bill offered low-interest loans to purchase homes or start businesses but did not waive interest on the loans for any period of time.)
- paying for vocational and college tuition. (Correct! The G.I. Bill eased the transition into civilian life for WWII veterans by covering the costs of vocational and college education.)
A: paying for vocational and college tuition.

Q: In an effort to extend civil rights to Black Americans, President Truman issued an executive order that
- prohibited housing discrimination. (Incorrect. This did not happen during the Truman administration. The passage of the Fair Housing Act, which prohibited discrimination in housing, took place in 1968.)
- eliminated the poll tax in federal elections. (Incorrect. This did not happen during the Truman administration. The 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished the poll tax in federal elections, came into effect in 1964.)
- required all public schools to desegregate. (Incorrect. This did not happen during the Truman administration. In 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em> declared segregation of public schools unconstitutional, resulting in efforts to desegregate schools across the U.S.)
- desegregated the armed forces. (Correct! In 1948 President Truman issued an executive order that ended segregation of the U.S. armed forces.)
A: desegregated the armed forces.

Q: President Harry Truman’s policy program that included a federal minimum wage, expansion of Social Security, and inclusion of Americans of color was called
- the New Frontier. (Incorrect. The New Frontier was the name of President John F. Kennedy’s policy campaign.)
- the New Deal. (Incorrect. The New Deal was the name of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s social, economic, and political programs enacted during the Great Depression.)
- the New Freedom. (Incorrect. This was the political campaign of Woodrow Wilson in 1912.)
- the Fair Deal. (Correct! Building on the legacies of the New Deal, President Truman’s program for social legislation was called the Fair Deal.)
A: the Fair Deal.

Q: The alliance between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during WWII fell apart because
- the U.S. took control of Eastern Europe and attempted to establish democratic governments there. (Incorrect. The U.S. did not control Eastern Europe after WWII. The Soviet Army liberated Eastern Europe from Nazi occupation and retained control over that area.)
- the Soviet Union left the alliance and switched sides to support Germany in 1944. (Incorrect. This did not happen during WWII. The Soviet Union withdrew from WWI following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 and negotiated a separate peace treaty with Germany.)
- both sides wanted to partition Japan along a north-south line but disagreed over who would control which area. (Incorrect. Japan was not divided. It was Korea that was divided along a north-south line after WWII, with the Soviet Union controlling the North and the U.S. controlling the South.)
- both sides had incompatible visions for the future of Europe and the postwar world. (Correct! Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, aimed to retain and expand Soviet influence in Eastern Europe by supporting communist, pro-Soviet governments there.)
A: both sides had incompatible visions for the future of Europe and the postwar world.

Q: The U.S. and the Soviet Union waged the Cold War by means of
- direct military confrontation in Europe and Asia. (Incorrect. The U.S. and the Soviet Union did not engage their troops in direct military confrontations during the Cold War. Instead, they often took opposing sides in proxy wars fought by people in other parts of the world.)
- isolating themselves from international politics and focusing instead on domestic development. (Incorrect. While both the U.S. and the Soviet Union made significant progress in domestic development, they never isolated themselves from the international arena.)
- formal colonization of countries in Africa and Asia. (Incorrect. World War II hastened the pace of decolonization in Africa and Asia. The U.S. and the Soviet Union were more interested in attracting newly independent nations to their economic and political ideology than formally colonizing them.)
- surveillance, propaganda, and formation of alliances. (Correct! These were among a variety of methods used by both sides to fight the Cold War without direct military confrontation.)
A: surveillance, propaganda, and formation of alliances.

Q: The Truman Doctrine, which included financial and military assistance to nations fighting a communist takeover, was first announced in 1947 in support of which countries?
- Korea and Japan. (Incorrect. The U.S. was occupying Japan at this time, and the armed conflict between the North and South Koreas took place in 1950.)
- Poland and Czechoslovakia. (Incorrect. The doctrine did not apply to these countries. They already were within the Soviet sphere of influence.)
- Algeria and Tunisia. (Incorrect. The doctrine did not apply to Algeria and Tunisia, which did not yet gain independence from France at this time.)
- Greece and Turkey (Correct! The doctrine was announced in response to the Greek Civil War and increasing Soviet pressure on Turkey.)
A: Greece and Turkey

Q: As a means to halt communist inroads after WWII, the Marshall Plan (1948-1951)
- offered military aid to Korea and China to defend against Japan. (Incorrect. This did not happen. At this time, Japan was under U.S. occupation and Korea was divided along the 38th parallel, with the Soviet Union controlling the North and the U.S. controlling the South. China was going through a civil war, which resulted in the communists’ victory in 1949.)
- created the Cominform (Communist Information Bureau). (Incorrect. The Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) was a Soviet-led international organization of communists to promote coordination of strategy and activity.)
- sought to seize control of Poland by direct military intervention. (Incorrect. The Marshall Plan did not include direct military intervention in any country.)
- provided Europe with aid for economic and social recovery. (Correct! Europe’s war-torn economy and society were perceived to have created conditions that allowed communism to make progress in Europe. To remove these conditions, the Marshall Plan was designed to help Europe rebuild its economy and society quickly.)
A: provided Europe with aid for economic and social recovery.

Q: To streamline security matters during the Cold War, the National Security Act of 1947 established
- the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (Incorrect. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, in response to the September 11 attack in 2001.)
- the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). (Incorrect. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) was formed in 2003 as a comprehensive border security agency overseeing international trade and travel.)
- the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (Incorrect. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) evolved from the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) formed in 1908.)
- the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (Correct! The National Security Act aimed to streamline government security matters by creating the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Department of Defense.)
A: the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Q: The goal of the U.S. policy of containment was to
- support communist revolutions in Latin America. (Incorrect. The containment policy did not support communist revolutions in Latin America or anywhere else.)
- encourage all nations to exercise self-determination in choosing their form of government, including communism. (Incorrect. While the U.S. was in favor of national self-determination, it did not support a communist form of government during the Cold War.)
- reduce and eventually stop all military aid to foreign nations. (Incorrect. The policy did not call for a reduction or termination of military aid.)
- limit Soviet influence to areas where it already existed. (Correct! The containment policy aimed to keep the Soviet influence where it was and prevent it from expanding into new areas.)
A: limit Soviet influence to areas where it already existed.

Q: The Berlin Airlift is defined as
- the rescue of 1,300 Soviet prisoners of war in Berlin by the U.S. Air Force and Marines at the end of WWII. (Incorrect. The Berlin Airlift did not involve a rescue of Soviet prisoners at the end of WWII. The airlift was an incident that illustrated the tensions during the Cold War.)
- the coded message dispatched by the Japanese to inform the Nazis of their plan to attack Pearl Harbor. (Incorrect. The Berlin Airlift was a Cold War incident that lasted between 1948-1949. By that time, WWII was already over. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was the event that brought the U.S. into the war in 1941.)
- the Royal British Air Force’s mission to capture key Nazi officers at the end of WWII. (Incorrect. The Berlin Airlift took place during the Cold War, not at the end of WWII.)
- the efforts of the U.S., France, and Great Britain to fly in food and supplies to help residents of West Berlin to survive during the Soviet blockade of ground and water transportation into the city. (Correct! The Berlin Airlift was a collective response by the U.S., France, and Great Britain to save the residents of Berlin from starvation due to the Soviet blockade between 1948 and 1949.)
A: the efforts of the U.S., France, and Great Britain to fly in food and supplies to help residents of West Berlin to survive during the Soviet blockade of ground and water transportation into the city.

Q: Which of the following were members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?
- France, the Soviet Union, and China. (Incorrect. France is the only NATO member. The Soviet Union founded a defensive alliance for Central and Eastern European countries known as the Warsaw Pact. China was not a member of the Warsaw Pact or NATO.)
- Canada, Poland, and the Soviet Union. (Incorrect. Only Canada was an initial NATO member. Both Poland and the Soviet Union belonged to the Warsaw Pact, a collective defense treaty for Central and Eastern European countries. Poland joined NATO in the aftermath of the Cold War in 1999.)
- Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. (Incorrect. Great Britain and France are NATO members. The Soviet Union founded a defensive alliance for Central and Eastern European countries known as the Warsaw Pact.)
- Great Britain, France, and the U.S. (Correct! Great Britain, France, and the U.S. are NATO members.)
A: Great Britain, France, and the U.S.

Q: Unable to reach a consensus with the Soviet Union on Germany’s future, the U.S., Great Britain, and France decided to
- relinquish control over their respective occupation zones to the Soviet Union. (Incorrect. The U.S., Great Britain, and France never relinquished their control over their occupation zones in Germany to the Soviet Union.)
- annex the Soviet occupation zone and establish a new state called the German Democratic Republic. (Incorrect. The U.S., Great Britain, and France did not annex the Soviet zone of occupation. The German Democratic Republic or East Germany, formed in 1949, was created in the Soviet zone of occupation.)
- bring the matter to the International Court of Justice, which subsequently ruled that their respective occupation zones be unified with the Soviet occupation zone by 1950. (Incorrect. The U.S., Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union did not bring the matter to the International Court of Justice.)
- combine their respective occupation zones into an independent state. (Correct! The occupation zones of the U.S., Great Britain, and France were combined in 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany.)
A: combine their respective occupation zones into an independent state.

Q: After WWII the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) focused its investigation on
- corruption within state and local government. (Incorrect. The focus of HUAC investigation was not on corruption at any level of government. The shift in the focus of HUAC investigation occurred in response to the Cold War struggle.)
- surveillance and espionage in foreign countries conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency. (Incorrect. HUAC focused its investigation on domestic suspects during the Cold War, not on the work of the CIA abroad.)
- tax evasion by American corporations operating overseas. (Incorrect. The focus of HUAC’s investigation was not the issue of tax evasion by American corporations abroad. HUAC was more concerned with investigation of suspected individuals in the U.S.)
- suspected communists in the media, academia, and business. (Correct! HUAC was formed in 1938 to investigate suspected Nazi sympathizers but shifted its focus to communism-related investigation with the advent of the Cold War.)
A: suspected communists in the media, academia, and business.

Q: Which of the following incidents cast doubt on the U.S. ability to contain the spread of communism in 1949?
- The Soviet Union’s success in launching the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I. (Incorrect. The Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, in 1957.)
- The success of the Cuban Revolution. (Incorrect. The Cuban Revolution, which resulted in a communist government in Cuba, lasted between 1953 and 1959.)
- The formation of the Warsaw Pact, a political and military alliance between the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. (Incorrect. While the formation of the Warsaw Pact was a concern for the U.S., it was not formed until 1955.)
- The triumph of the Chinese communists over their Nationalist opponents. (Correct! The victory of the Chinese communists and the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 raised concerns over the U.S. ability to contain communist expansion.)
A: The triumph of the Chinese communists over their Nationalist opponents.

Q: In the Rosenberg Trial, Julius Rosenberg and his wife, Ethel, were accused of
- providing food and accommodation to Soviet spies. (Incorrect. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were not accused of providing food and accommodation to Soviet spies. The Rosenbergs were brought to trial for betraying the U.S. in a different way.)
- teaching communist ideology to college students. (Incorrect. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were charged for their disloyal behavior to the U.S., not because they taught the communist ideology.)
- distributing leaflets advocating communism. (Incorrect. The case against Julius and Ethel Rosenberg stemmed from their betrayal of the U.S., not because they distributed communist leaflets.)
- passing nuclear secrets to Soviet officials. (Correct! The couple was found guilty and executed for being spies.)
A: passing nuclear secrets to Soviet officials.

Q: Senator Joseph McCarthy, whose allegations and investigations of subversive behaviors became known as McCarthyism, first achieved national prominence for his claim that
- he had invented the first atomic bomb. (Incorrect. Senator McCarthy did not invent the first atomic bomb.)
- he could negotiate an end to the Cold War conflict with the Soviet Union. (Incorrect. Senator McCarthy did not become nationally famous for claiming that he could end the Cold War with the Soviet Union. He was more associated with intensifying Cold War tensions than providing a solution for it.)
- he had uncovered a plot to assassinate President John F. Kennedy. (Incorrect. John F. Kennedy became president in 1961 and was assassinated in 1963. Senator McCarthy passed away in 1957.)
- he possessed a list of 205 names of members of the Communist Party responsible for shaping U.S. policy. (Correct! He claimed to have a list of communists in the U.S. government but never was able to substantiate his claim.)
A: he possessed a list of 205 names of members of the Communist Party responsible for shaping U.S. policy.

Q: The lavender scare resulted in persecution of individuals based on their
- religious affiliation. (Incorrect. The lavender scare did not target religious affiliation.)
- ethnicity. (Incorrect. Ethnicity was not the target of the lavender scare.)
- profession. (Incorrect. Profession was not an issue in the lavender scare.)
- sexual orientation. (Correct! The lavender scare targeted members of the LGBTQ community, who anti-communists thought could be blackmailed by the Soviets to betray the U.S. because of their sexual orientation.)
A: sexual orientation.

Q: Which of the following best describes the impact of McCarthyism on American religion during the Cold War?
- Americans displayed indifference towards religions at a higher rate than any time in the nation’s history. (Incorrect. Americans in general were not indifferent towards religion during the Cold War.)
- Politicians sought to separate religion from politics completely by removing the phrase, “one nation, under God,” from the Pledge of Allegiance. (Incorrect. The phrase, “one nation, under God” was actually added to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, not removed.)
- Protestant leaders increasingly employed anti-Catholic and anti-Semitic language in their sermons. (Incorrect. The differentiation between “god-fearing Americans” and “godless communists” led to the belief that having a religious faith was better than not having one. The anti-Catholic and anti-Semitic language previously used by some Protestants was replaced by an emphasis on a common “Judeo-Christian heritage”.)
- Americans emphasized their religious commitment through public displays of religiosity to differentiate themselves from atheist communism. (Correct! Anti-communism contributed to increased religious commitment among Americans during the Cold War.)
A: Americans emphasized their religious commitment through public displays of religiosity to differentiate themselves from atheist communism.

Q: In 1950 when North Korean troops invaded South Korea, the United Nations (U.N.)
- declared its neutrality, claiming that the conflict was to be settled between the North and South Koreans themselves. (Incorrect. The U.N. did not take a neutral stance when the conflict between North Korea and South Korea erupted in 1950.)
- condemned North Korea’s action but refused to get involved militarily. (Incorrect. The U.N. denounced North Korea’s action and was prepared to back up its words with actions.)
- accepted both North and South Koreas as permanent members of the organization in a hope to end the conflict without a war. (Incorrect. The conflict that led to the Korean War occurred in 1950. The two Koreas became members of the U.N. in 1991.)
- called upon its members to assist South Korea in fending off North Korea’s invasion. (Correct! The U.N. denounced North Korea’s invasion of South Korea and requested assistance from U.N. members in defense of South Korea.)
A: called upon its members to assist South Korea in fending off North Korea’s invasion.

Q: After the surrender of Japan in 1945, Korea was jointly occupied by
- France, Great Britain, the U.S., and the Soviet Union. (Incorrect. France and Great Britain did not occupy Korea after the surrender of Japan.)
- the People’s Republic of China and France. (Incorrect. The People’s Republic of China and France did not occupy North Korea after the surrender of Japan.)
- France and Great Britain. (Incorrect. France and Great Britain did not occupy Korea after the surrender of Japan.)
- the Soviet Union and the U.S. (Correct! After WWII, the Soviet Union and the U.S. temporarily divided Korea at the 38th parallel, with the Soviet Union occupying the area above the 38th parallel and the U.S. the area below the 38th parallel.)
A: the Soviet Union and the U.S.

Q: The conflict between General Douglas MacArthur and President Harry Truman, which resulted in General MacArthur’s dismissal, stemmed from
- General’s MacArthur’s refusal to engage Chinese troops in the Korean War. (Incorrect. The U.N. forces mobilized under General MacArthur engaged Chinese troops in the Korean War.)
- President Truman’s refusal to assist South Korea in repelling North Korea’s invasion. (Incorrect. President Truman supported South Korea’s defense against North Korea’s invasion.)
- President Truman’s secret talks with Chinese diplomats. The general was not informed that a negotiation to end the war was under way and publicly denounced the president. (Incorrect. This did not happen in the course of the Korean War leading to the general’s dismissal.)
- General MacArthur’s request to use nuclear weapons on China and North Korea. When the president refused, the general publicly criticized the president. (Correct! President Truman dismissed General MacArthur because the general publicly denounced him for his unwillingness to expand the war.)
A: General MacArthur’s request to use nuclear weapons on China and North Korea. When the president refused, the general publicly criticized the president.

Q: In terms of fiscal policy, the Eisenhower administration strove to
- increase government revenue by raising the federal income tax. (Incorrect. President Eisenhower’s fiscal policy did not aim to increase government revenue by raising taxes.)
- reduce the defense budget by half. (Incorrect. During the Eisenhower administration, defense spending remained high.)
- cut federal funding for infrastructure and education. (Incorrect. During the Eisenhower administration, Congress passed both the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act and the National Defense Education Act, which provided funding for the construction of the Interstate Highway System and educational programs in math and science respectively.)
- balance the federal budget. (Correct! The fiscal goal of the Eisenhower administration aimed at a balanced budget.)
A: balance the federal budget.

Q: During the Eisenhower administration, the focus of U.S. defense strategy shifted to
- raising larger conventional forces. (Incorrect. The defense strategy shifted to “massive retaliation,” which did not rely on larger conventional forces.)
- reducing tensions with the Soviet Union by withdrawing U.S. forces from NATO. (Incorrect. Although reduced tensions with the Soviet Union were desirable, the U.S. did not withdraw forces from NATO.)
- cooperating with the Soviet Union in ending the nuclear arms race. (Incorrect. The nuclear arms race was a major source of tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Not until the 1970s did the two nations achieve some success in deterring the arms race.)
- stockpiling nuclear weapons. (Correct! Instead of raising larger conventional forces, the U.S. strategy switched to “massive retaliation,” which resulted in the accumulation of nuclear weapons to respond to a Soviet strike.)
A: stockpiling nuclear weapons.

Q: Which of the following was an achievement of the Eisenhower administration?
- The integration of the armed forces. (Incorrect. Integration of the armed forces began during the administration of President Harry Truman.)
- The passage of the Voting Rights Act. (Incorrect. The Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965 during the presidency of Lyndon Johnson.)
- The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (Incorrect. The EPA was created in 1970 during the Nixon administration.)
- The construction of the Interstate Highway System. (Correct! During the Eisenhower administration, Congress passed the National Interstate and Defense Highway Act, which funded the construction of the Interstate Highway System.)
A: The construction of the Interstate Highway System.

Q: The growth of the automobile industry in the 1950s resulted from
- a large number of affordable Japanese cars imported into the U.S. (Incorrect. Japanese cars were not yet very popular or imported in great quantities in the 1950s.)
- the government program that provided interest-free loans for car purchases. (Incorrect. The growth of the automobile industry in the 1950s did not result from a government incentive program encouraging people to buy cars.)
- the absence of a state tax on gasoline. (Incorrect. The growth of the automobile industry did not stem from the absence of a state tax on gasoline. In fact, states began to tax gasoline to build more roadways as a result of an increase in automobiles.)
- the rise of the suburbs. (Correct! The growth of the automobile industry correlated with the expansion of suburban communities, which relied on automobiles for transportation.)
A: the rise of the suburbs.

Q: The marriage rate in postwar America rose significantly, resulting in a greater number of children born between 1946 and 1964. These children, who made up the largest generation in American history, were known as
- the silent majority. (Incorrect. The silent majority is a phrase used by President Richard Nixon to refer to Americans who did not express their political views by participating in anti-Vietnam War protests or other social movements.)
- the millennials. (Incorrect. The millennials refer to those born between the 1980s and the 1990s.)
- the Lost Generation. (Incorrect. The phrase refers to those who came of age around the time of WWI.)
- the baby boomers. (Correct! The generational cohort of those born between 1946 and 1964 is known as the baby boomers.)
A: the baby boomers.

Q: A factor contributing to the growth of suburbia was the construction of affordable, mass-produced, prefabricated homes popularized by the success of
- Beverly Hills, Los Angeles. (Incorrect. Beverly Hills was not a model for affordable suburban housing development.)
- Georgetown, Washington D.C. (Incorrect. Georgetown did not fit into the model of affordable suburban housing development.)
- Madison Avenue, Manhattan. (Incorrect. Madison Avenue was a commercial district known as the location of advertising agencies.)
- Levittown, Long Island. (Correct! The model of Levittown was emulated by other housing developers, leading to a growth in suburban communities.)
A: Levittown, Long Island.

Q: Residents of the area that was assigned a D grade and the color red by the Homeowner Loans Corporation (HOLC)
- were eligible for low-interest loans to purchase homes only in their area. (Incorrect. The interest rate charged to residents in the area assigned a D grade and the color red most likely would be higher, regardless of the purpose of the loan.)
- were considered low-risk borrowers and able to obtain affordable loans to purchase homes in any area. (Incorrect. The area assigned a D grade and the color red was not considered low lending risk.)
- could obtain interest-free loans for home improvement only from the banks in their area. (Incorrect. The area that received a D grade and the color red was considered high lending risk, which resulted in higher interest rates charged.)
- had difficulty obtaining loans for home improvements in their area or mortgages to buy homes in other areas. (Correct! The area considered a high lending risk received a D grade and the color red, which had a negative impact on the residents’ ability to get loans.)
A: had difficulty obtaining loans for home improvements in their area or mortgages to buy homes in other areas.

Q: Working with local real estate agents and lenders, the Homeowners Loan Corporation (HOLC) developed Residential Security Maps to
- identify low-income areas for federal funding. (Incorrect. Residential Security Maps were not created for the purpose of allocating federal funding.)
- plan urban development. (Incorrect. The HOLC did not develop Residential Security Maps as a tool in urban development.)
- coordinate with law enforcement in neighborhood safety measures. (Incorrect. Residential Security Maps were not designed for the purpose of coordinating neighborhood safety measures.)
- assess credit risks in each neighborhood. (Correct! The Residential Security Maps were created for the purpose of identifying lending risks.)
A: assess credit risks in each neighborhood.

Q: Which of the following was an impact of the practice of redlining neighborhoods?
- Expansion of homeownership for Black Americans. (Incorrect. Black Americans living in redlined areas had difficulty obtaining loans to improve their homes or to purchase new ones. The practice of redlining limited the expansion of homeownership for Black Americans.)
- Higher property prices in the areas that were redlined. (Incorrect. The areas that were redlined were considered high lending risks, which drove down property prices.)
- Integration of housing market in the U.S. (Incorrect. The practice of redlining neighborhoods was in fact an obstacle to housing integration in the U.S.)
- Racial segregation in housing. (Correct! The practice of redlining neighborhoods contributed to racial segregation in housing.)
A: Racial segregation in housing.

Q: The popular genre of music that reflected the theme of youth’s rebellion against authority in the 1950s was
- heavy metal. (Incorrect. Although reflecting a theme of rebellion, heavy metal became popular around the 1970s, not the 1950s.)
- disco. (Incorrect. The popularity of disco was associated with the 1970s.)
- jazz. (Incorrect. Jazz was most popular between the 1920s and the 1940s. It was not particularly popular among youths in the 1950s.)
- rock and roll. (Correct! One of the themes of rock and roll music was rebellion against authority, which made it popular among youths resisting conformity in the 1950s.)
A: rock and roll.

Q: The Hollywood Ten were fired from their jobs and cited for contempt of Congress because they
- filed a lawsuit against Senator Joseph McCarthy. (Incorrect. The case against the Hollywood Ten stemmed from their behavior towards Congress, not their lawsuit against Senator McCarthy.)
- made several movies that promoted communism. (Incorrect. The Hollywood Ten were not fired or cited for contempt of Congress because of the movies they made.)
- fabricated a list of suspected communists in the film industry. (Incorrect. The Hollywood Ten did not fabricate a list of suspected communists.)
- refused to testify about communism in the film industry. (Correct! Ten members of the film industry, known as the Hollywood Ten, got into legal trouble and lost their jobs because they declined to cooperate in a hearing on communism in the film industry.)
A: refused to testify about communism in the film industry.

Q: The popular television show, Leave It to Beaver, depicted
- rebellious youths in urban communities in the 1950s. (Incorrect. The setting of <em>Leave It to Beaver</em> was not urban communities, and rebellious youths were not a feature of the show.)
- suburban middle-class families who rebelled against social conformity in the 1950s. (Incorrect. Instead of rebellion against social conformity, <em>Leave It to Beaver</em> depicted suburban middle-class families who modeled the social norms of the 1950s.)
- farmers’ families in idyllic rural communities wary of industrialization and urbanization. (Incorrect. <em>Leave It to Beaver</em> did not deal with families in rural communities.)
- the typical American family consisting of a breadwinner father and a homemaker mother during the 1950s. (Correct! <em>Leave It to Beaver</em> was a popular show that portrayed the typical suburban American family in the 1950s, where fathers worked to provide for the family and mothers stayed at home to take care of the kids and household chores.)
A: the typical American family consisting of a breadwinner father and a homemaker mother during the 1950s.

Q: The “Double V Campaign” during WWII gained support from many Black people because it advocated for
- victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. (Incorrect. The Double V Campaign supported a victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, but also included a victory on the domestic front.)
- the U.S. efforts in ending the war and safely bringing American troops home. (Incorrect. While the war efforts and safe return of American troops were among the goals of U.S. victory in the war, the Double V campaign also aimed to address an important domestic issue.)
- the Allies’ victory and post-war international organization to preserve world peace. (Incorrect. The Double V campaign had a dual goal, one focusing on the Allies’ victory overseas and the other a victory on the home front.)
- defeat of enemies aboard and racial discrimination at home. (Correct! The Double V Campaign advocated for a victory against fascist enemies abroad and racial injustices at home.)
A: defeat of enemies aboard and racial discrimination at home.

Q: The first Black man who broke the racial barrier in American sports was the baseball legend
- Ernie Banks. (Incorrect. Ernie Banks started playing for the Chicago Cubs in 1953, but was not the first African American to play in the National League.)
- Sam Jethroe. (Incorrect. The first African American who broke the racial barrier in American sports played baseball in the National League in 1947. Sam Jethroe joined the Boston Braves in 1950.)
- Monte Irvin. (Incorrect. Monte Irvin was not the first African American to break the racial barrier in sports in 1947.)
- Jackie Robinson. (Correct! Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play baseball in the National League in 1947.)
A: Jackie Robinson.

Q: In 1950, Herman Marion Sweatt sued the University of Texas for declining his admission to the law school based on a Texas law prohibiting integrated education. The Supreme Court’s ruling in this case, known as Sweatt v. Painter, was an example of an early victory in challenging the doctrine of
- unequal opportunity in education. (Incorrect. Unequal opportunity in education was a result of segregation of schools, not the doctrine that provided a legal basis for segregation.)
- separation of state and private academic institutions. (Incorrect. The main issue in the case was not the separation of state and private academic institutions. The issue was segregation of public facilities.)
- integration of federally funded public facilities. (Incorrect. The ruling in the case challenged the laws that required segregation of public institutions.)
- separate but equal. (Correct! This doctrine became the legal basis for racial segregation following the Supreme Court’s ruling in <em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em> (1896).)
A: separate but equal.

Q: In the landmark case, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court ruled that
- desegregation of public facilities was to be decided by each individual state. (Incorrect. In <em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas</em>, the Supreme Court did not rule in favor of states’ rights to decide on segregation laws.)
- the U.S. Constitution did not explicitly require integration of academic institutions. (Incorrect. Although the U.S. Constitution does not specifically require integration of academic institutions, the Supreme Court in this case ruled on the constitutionality of a Kansas state law that prohibited integration of public schools.)
- The U.S. Constitution allowed for separate but equal facilities. (Incorrect. The U.S. Constitution does not specifically allow separate but equal facilities.)
- state laws requiring segregation of public schools were unconstitutional. (Correct! The Supreme Court’s ruling in <em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas</em> in 1954 resulted in desegregation of public schools.)
A: state laws requiring segregation of public schools were unconstitutional.

Q: In 1957, nine students became the first Black students to attend the Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, following the order by the Supreme Court to desegregate public schools. Orval Faubus, the governor of Arkansas, responded to the required integration of schools by
- canceling all classes for the entire semester. (Incorrect. The school remained open, but Governor Faubus attempted to thwart integration efforts by a different means.)
- building a separate building within the high school to accommodate the students. (Incorrect. The Supreme Court ordered public schools to integrate, so building a separate building for the students still would have been a violation of the Court’s order.)
- revising the educational curriculum in the state to include a course in civil rights. (Incorrect. Governor Faubus did not add civil rights courses to the curriculum.)
- using the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the students from attending classes. (Correct! In response to the Supreme Court’s order to desegregate schools, Governor Faubus attempted to stop the students from joining the school by sending the Arkansas National Guard.)
A: using the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the students from attending classes.

Q: The chief counsel for the NAACP who successfully argued the landmark case, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, was
- Martin Luther King, Jr. (Incorrect. Martin Luther King, Jr. was not involved as a legal counsel in this case.)
- Earl Warren. (Incorrect. Earl Warren was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at the time the case was decided.)
- Warren Burger. (Incorrect. Warren Burger was not the chief counsel in this case. He was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court between 1969 and 1986.)
- Thurgood Marshall. (Correct! Thurgood Marshall argued the case before the Supreme Court in 1954. He later became the first Black man to be appointed an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court.)
A: Thurgood Marshall.

Q: The Montgomery Bus Boycott laid the foundations for the civil right movement by demonstrating the success of
- cooperating with transportation companies across the nation. (Incorrect. The Montgomery Bus Boycott did not involve cooperation at the national level with transportation companies.)
- direct petitions to Congress. (Incorrect. The bus boycott did not rely on the use of direct petitions to Congress.)
- support from both Republican and Democratic state officeholders. (Incorrect. The success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott did not result from the support of the Republican and Democratic state officeholders.)
- nonviolent, direct actions by ordinary Black citizens at the local level. (Correct! The Montgomery Bus Boycott paved the way for the civil rights movement by demonstrating the effectiveness of local, nonviolent, direct actions by ordinary citizens.)
A: nonviolent, direct actions by ordinary Black citizens at the local level.

Q: The Southern Manifesto, signed by ninety-six members of Congress, resisted desegregation efforts by criticizing the Supreme Court for misuse of power and violation of
- freedom of expression. (Incorrect. The Southern Manifesto represented a resistance to desegregation efforts, not freedom of expression.)
- the principle of equal opportunity in education. (Incorrect. The Southern Manifesto did not accuse the Supreme Court of violating the principle of equal opportunity in education. The manifesto resisted desegregation efforts.)
- freedom of choice in accommodation. (Incorrect. The Southern Manifesto did not accuse the Supreme Court of violating freedom of choice in accommodation.)
- the principle of states’ rights. (Correct! Ninety-six members of Congress signed the manifesto accusing the Supreme Court of violating the rights of the states and misusing its power.)
A: the principle of states’ rights.

Q: The main goal of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was to support
- professional training for returning WWII veterans. (Incorrect. The goal of the SCLC did not focus on professional training for veterans.)
- expansion of science and engineering programs in colleges across the South. (Incorrect. The SCLC did not have a specific aim of expanding science and engineering education in the South.)
- anti-communist legislation at the national level. (Incorrect. The SCLC’s mission did not focus on anti-communism.)
- civil rights and voting rights for Black Americans. (Correct! The SCLC supported racial equality and Black peoples’ rights to vote.)
A: civil rights and voting rights for Black Americans.

Q: Senator Joseph McCarthy capitalized on the fears and anxieties of the American public during the Cold War in his anti-communist campaign. He was viewed as a political opportunist because
- he gave Congress, without prior notice to President Truman, evidence that five members of the Truman administration were card-carrying members of the Communist Party. (Incorrect. Senator McCarthy did not provide Congress with evidence that members of the Truman administration were members of the Communist Party.)
- he verbally attacked members of the U.S. Army, an unpatriotic act of contempt. (Incorrect. While the Senator accused members of the U.S. Army of being communist sympathizers without proof, this action alone was not the main reason why he was viewed as a political opportunist.)
- he exploited the class divisions in the U.S. by accusing only people from lower socio-economic backgrounds of being communists. (Incorrect. Senator McCarthy actually went after individuals with privileges in his accusations, exploiting the class resentment of the less privileged.)
- he made exaggerated, unsubstantiated claims that led to scapegoating and the wrongful persecution of individuals. (Correct! Exploiting the Cold War tensions, Senator McCarthy claimed to have information about members of the Communist Party in the U.S. government without proof. He also, without substantial evidence, accused individuals of being communist sympathizers, leading to the investigation and persecution of these individuals.)
A: he made exaggerated, unsubstantiated claims that led to scapegoating and the wrongful persecution of individuals.

Q: Which of the following explained president Truman’s view that Senator Joseph McCarthy was “the greatest asset that the Kremlin has?”
- By identifying communist sympathizers, the senator inadvertently recruited more American spies for the Soviet Union. (Incorrect. This did not explain the president’s view. In fact, the senator made accusations without substantial evidence to identify communist sympathizers.)
- The senator’s actions helped unite both political parties in terms of foreign policy, making it more likely for the U.S. to end the Cold War with the Soviet Union. (Incorrect. The senator’s actions added to the political divide, rather than helping unite the two parties on the foreign policy issue.)
- By speaking about communism, the senator helped inform the American public and reduce misunderstanding of communist ideology. (Incorrect. This was not an explanation of the president’s view. The senator’s anti-communist campaign and persecution of communist suspects could cause confusion about communist ideology.)
- The senator’s actions played into the political rivalry between the Democrats and the Republicans. (Correct! The president viewed McCarthy’s anti-communist campaign as politically motivated, which fueled the political divide that could benefit the Kremlin.)
A: The senator’s actions played into the political rivalry between the Democrats and the Republicans.

Q: Which of the following supports the claim that McCarthyism weakened the anti-communist movement in the U.S.?
- McCarthyism relied on voluntary confessions of suspects, who most likely would not admit being communists. (Incorrect. McCarthyism did not rely on voluntary confessions from suspects, but accusations.)
- McCarthyism only targeted communist suspects on college campuses, ignoring government officials responsible for shaping U.S. foreign policy. (Incorrect. Government officials were in fact the main targets of McCarthyism.)
- McCarthyism did not lead to formal investigations of communist suspects by the House Committee on Un-American Activities. (Incorrect. McCarthyism in fact led to investigations of communist suspects by the House Committee on Un-American Activities.)
- McCarthyism posed a danger to individual freedom by using totalitarian techniques to persecute communist suspects. (Correct! The use of totalitarian tactics to pursue communist suspects at the expense of personal freedom discredited, rather than strengthened, the anti-communist movement.)
A: McCarthyism posed a danger to individual freedom by using totalitarian techniques to persecute communist suspects.