Title: America in World War I (1914-1919)
Course: Question Banks

Q: President Wilson promised a different approach to foreign policy than what Roosevelt and Taft had pursued. What was Wilson’s approach?
- Wilson pledged to have the U.S. become more engaged in the Pacific with countries like the Philippines. (Incorrect. Wilson’s Secretary of State worked to establish effective self-government in the Philippines in preparation for the eventual American withdrawal.)
- Wilson believed America had an obligation to play a bigger role in international affairs, especially in Latin American countries. (Incorrect. Unlike his immediate predecessors, President Woodrow Wilson had planned to shrink the role of the United States in foreign affairs. He believed that the nation needed to intervene in international affairs only when there was a moral imperative to do so.)
- Wilson promoted isolationism and was reluctant to become involved in any international affairs. (Incorrect. Wilson believed that democracy was the best system and demanded that Mexico hold democratic elections and establish laws based on the moral principles he espoused. He also held that the United States should continue to actively pursue economic markets abroad.)
- Wilson advocated for a less expansionist approach and pledged to only intervene when morally obligated. (Correct! Wilson proposed an idealistic foreign policy based on morality, rather than American self-interest, and felt that American interference in another nation’s affairs should occur only when the circumstances rose to the level of a moral imperative.)
A: Wilson advocated for a less expansionist approach and pledged to only intervene when morally obligated.

Q: Despite President Wilson’s campaign promises, the United States was involved in more than one international conflict. How was the U.S. involved in the Caribbean and Latin America?
- At the request of the Haitian government, Wilson sent U.S. Marines to Haiti to help maintain order. (Incorrect. A revolution in Haiti resulted in the murder of the Haitian president and threatened the safety of New York banking interests in the country, Wilson sent over three hundred U.S. Marines to establish order. Subsequently, the United States assumed control over the island’s foreign policy as well as its financial administration.)
- The United States successfully avoided becoming involved in any conflicts in the Caribbean and Latin America. (Incorrect. In the years after Wilson took office, the U.S. sent troops to Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico.)
- Wilson sent troops to the Dominican Republic to help restore order after rebels tried to overthrow the government. (Incorrect. Wilson sent Marines to the Dominican Republic to ensure the country could pay debts owed to the U.S. and other countries.)
- Wilson sent troops to Cuba to protect American-owned sugar plantations. (Correct! In 1917, Wilson sent troops to Cuba to protect American-owned sugar plantations from attacks by Cuban rebels and the troops remained there for four years.)
A: Wilson sent troops to Cuba to protect American-owned sugar plantations.

Q: President Wilson attempted to keep the United States out of international conflicts during his presidency. Why was a position of neutrality more difficult to maintain than Wilson anticipated?
- Foreign countries continually asked for assistance from the United States which Wilson felt obligated to provide. (Incorrect. Most of Wilson’s forays into foreign countries were in an effort to impose American beliefs or protect American interests.)
- The American people expected and supported President Wilson’s engagements in foreign countries. (Incorrect. Prior to World War I, the majority of Americans were content with the U.S. maintaining neutrality.)
- President Wilson lacked the support of his cabinet and of Congress when it came to his desire to keep the U.S. neutral. (Incorrect. Many members of Congress wish to remain neutral. Wilson’s Secretary of State worked to negotiate friendly relationships and peaceful solutions to conflicts.)
- President Wilson continued to believe American values were superior and attempted to impose them on other countries. (Correct! Wilson believed American values were superior and continued to impose them on other countries. Wilson also let economic reasons lead to intervening in other countries.)
A: President Wilson continued to believe American values were superior and attempted to impose them on other countries.

Q: Separatist movements among certain populations helped fuel World War I. What is one example of a separatist movement that contributed to World War I?
- Nationalist movements within the recently united country of Germany made it weak and Russia decided to invade. (Incorrect. Germany was rising in Europe as a strong and powerful empire since its unification in 1871.)
- A successful movement for Turkish independence encouraged other ethnic groups to fight for independence, thus destabilizing Europe. (Incorrect. The Turks did not begin their movement for independence until after the conclusion of WWI.)
- Great Britain was weakened by The Troubles and other empires began fighting for British colonies, prompting World War I. (Incorrect. The Troubles did not begin until later in the 20th Century. Great Britain remained a very large and powerful empire throughout WWI.)
- Many people in the Balkan region wished to establish a united Slavic nation rather than be in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. (Correct! A Serbian citizen assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in their fight for a Slavic nation independent from Austro-Hungarian rule.)
A: Many people in the Balkan region wished to establish a united Slavic nation rather than be in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Q: Despite strong feelings of nationalism citizens held for their own country, many countries had agreements or treaties with one another. How did these agreements fuel World War I?
- Strong feelings of nationalism meant there were no alliances maintained and as treaties were broken, war was declared. (Incorrect. Countries honored their treaties and alliances. An example is Great Britain declaring war on Germany for failing to honor Belgian neutrality.)
- The agreements between nations reduced nationalism and helped decrease separatist movements. (Incorrect. Despite many agreements forged between various countries, tensions continued to rise as nationalism took a stronger hold.)
- Smaller countries felt threatened by treaties between the large empires and attacked first, hoping to gain an advantage. (Incorrect. Many countries such as Russia and Great Britain entered the war on behalf of smaller, weaker countries in an effort to defend them from rival empires.)
- The existence of treaties forced countries and empires into declaring war even when they were not directly threatened. (Correct! An example is when Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia, Russia was brought into the conflict due to a treaty in which they had agreed to defend Serbia.)
A: The existence of treaties forced countries and empires into declaring war even when they were not directly threatened.

Q: In the early 1900s, many European nations sought to expand their empires by establishing overseas colonies. How did imperialism contribute to World War I?
- The cost of maintaining overseas colonies meant that empires lacked a strong military, leaving them vulnerable. (Incorrect. Many European nations invested heavily in modern militaries to help conquer overseas colonies and increase status among their European counterparts. Colonies were also a source of revenue for the empire.)
- Imperialism was not a factor in World War I as very few countries possessed overseas colonies. (Incorrect. The possession of overseas colonies increased prestige on the world stage and many empires sought to grow their empires and secure their international dominance.)
- World War I began when colonies rose up against the colonizing nation, producing small wars all over the world. (Incorrect. Colonized populations were oftentimes subject to religious oppression, forced deportations or relocations, ethnic cleansing, and other atrocities. Despite this, many areas developed strong independence movements and used paramilitary tactics, guerrilla warfare, and terrorism to achieve their goal. However, these movements did not start WWI.)
- Holding overseas colonies was seen as a status symbol and fed feelings of nationalism. (Correct! Powerful countries sought to increase their influence by expanding their empires overseas with colonies leading to increased competition, rivalry, and alliances.)
A: Holding overseas colonies was seen as a status symbol and fed feelings of nationalism.

Q: Despite the campaign slogan of “Wilson – He kept us out of the war!”, President Wilson faced ever-mounting pressure to enter the Great War. What reason below helped push the U.S. into World War I?
- The use of trench warfare in the European Theater. (Incorrect. Trench Warfare is a fighting strategy wherein opposing armies dig trenches to shelter from gunfire and artillery, then periodically try to seize the trenches of the opposing army and drive them out, thereby gaining territory only a few hundred yards at a time.)
- German immigrants in America supported U.S. involvement. (Incorrect. German Americans saw their nation of origin as a victim of British and Russian aggression and a French desire to settle old scores and did not support the U.S. entering the war.)
- The introduction of the Naval Appropriations Act in1916. (Incorrect. This was a bill passed to enlarge the U.S. Navy in order to be competitive against European powers. It was part of the “preparedness campaign” to satisfy government officials who felt the protection of America’s best interests required a stronger position.)
- The German use of unrestricted submarine warfare. (Correct! The German Navy continued to use submarines to destroy military or merchant ships without warning and without giving the opportunity to surrender.)
A: The German use of unrestricted submarine warfare.

Q: What secret plan was discovered that further pressured the United States to join World War I?
- The Peace without Victory Plan (Incorrect. This was actually “The Peace without Victory Speech.” It was a last-ditch effort to avoid bringing the United States into World War I which encouraged the country to be patient, as the countries involved in the war were nearing peace.)
- The Schlieffen Plan (Incorrect. The Schlieffen Plan was Germany’s military strategy to invade France through Belgium and the Netherlands, rather than across their common border.)
- the plans for pogroms in Russia (Incorrect. Pogroms had been used before and were not a secret. Many Jews fled Russia as a result of the pogroms.)
- The Zimmerman Telegram (Correct! The telegram sent from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, which was intercepted by the British, invited Mexico to fight alongside Germany. In return, the Germans would help Mexico win back territory lost in the Mexican-American War.)
A: The Zimmerman Telegram

Q: President Wilson continued to outwardly maintain a stance of neutrality, however, the United States was still being drawn into the Great War. What interests continued to draw in the United States?
- A moral interest from President Wilson to intervene. (Incorrect. For Wilson, the conflict did not reach the threshold of a moral imperative for U.S. involvement as it was largely a European affair involving numerous countries with whom the United States wished to maintain working relations.)
- Strategic interests that included the possibility of a Mexican invasion. (Incorrect. Despite the information that was discovered in the Zimmerman Telegram, an invasion by Mexican forces remained unlikely as Mexico was weak and unstable having just experienced a civil war.)
- A strategic interest in gaining control of German colonies. (Incorrect. This was not a major impetus for the U.S. to enter the war, and afterward, the U.S. did not take responsibility for any of Germany’s confiscated colonies in Africa, leaving them to the European Allies.)
- An economic interest in the Allies winning the Great War. (Correct! Loans made to Great Britain and France, in addition to many countries relying heavily on American imports, ensured that America was economically tied to those involved in the war.)
A: An economic interest in the Allies winning the Great War.

Q: In an effort to secure enough men of fighting age Congress passed the Selective Service Act in 1917, which required all men aged 21-30 to register for the draft. How could men who fit the requirements be excluded from the draft?
- have an affiliation with an approved anti-war social organization (Incorrect. Individuals who did not object to the war on religious grounds, but on political ones were given no exemptions; if they refused combatant service, they were sent to prison.)
- prove that their family relied on them for income (Incorrect. Individuals who did not object to the war on religious grounds, but on economic ones were given no exemptions; if they refused combatant service, they were sent to prison.)
- have a reasonable moral objection to war (Incorrect. Individuals who did not object to the war on religious grounds, but on moral ones were given no exemptions; if they refused combatant service, they were sent to prison.)
- be part of a well-recognized religious sect that practices pacifism (Correct! When the Selective Service Act of 1917 was passed, it allowed conscientious objectors to register for non-combatant service as long as they were part of a “well-recognized religious sect … whose then existing creed or principles forbid its members to participate in war in any form”.)
A: be part of a well-recognized religious sect that practices pacifism

Q: Sarah wants to do her part to support the war effort but is unable to train as a nurse. What can Sarah do instead?
- Sarah can sign up for conscription. (Incorrect. The Selective Service Act required only men to sign up. Women, however, could volunteer in various non-combat positions.)
- Sarah can use more fuel to keep her home warm. (Incorrect. The Fuel Administration created the concept of “fuel holidays,” encouraging civilian Americans to do their part for the war effort by rationing fuel on certain days.)
- Sarah can make sure she serves meat every night. (Incorrect. Civilians were encouraged to participate in campaigns like, “Meatless Mondays,” “Wheatless Wednesdays,” and other similar reductions, with the hope of rationing food for military use.)
- Sarah can buy a liberty bond to support the war. (Correct! The Liberty Loan Act allowed the federal government to sell liberty bonds to the American public, extolling citizens to “do their part” to help the war effort.)
A: Sarah can buy a liberty bond to support the war.

Q: In an effort to ensure that there was enough food to feed both soldiers and civilians, the government passed the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act. What did this Act lead to?
- The War Industries Board required all factories to process only food products. (Incorrect. The War Industries Board was created to ensure adequate military supplies, besides food, were being made.)
- The U.S. Railroad Administration required all railroads to stop operation to save fuel. (Incorrect. As a way to move both personnel and supplies around the country efficiently, Congress created the U.S. Railroad Administration to have extraordinary war powers to control the entire railroad industry, including traffic, terminals, rates, and wages.)
- The Liberty Loan Act raised money for people to begin producing food for the war effort. (Incorrect. The Liberty Loan Act allowed the federal government to sell “liberty bonds” (or war bonds) to the American public, extolling citizens to “do their part” to help the war effort and bring the troops home)
- The Food Administration encouraged volunteer rationing of food on the home front. (Correct! “Meatless Mondays” and “Wheatless Wednesdays,” encouraged volunteer rationing by invoking patriotism with the slogan “food will win the war”, with the hope of rationing food for military use.)
A: The Food Administration encouraged volunteer rationing of food on the home front.

Q: Worried about national unity in the wake of declaring war, President Wilson initiated a propaganda campaign to quiet dissenters. What message did American propaganda send?
- The propaganda encouraged free speech and activism. (Incorrect. Critics and protesters, including immigrants, labor union activists, and political radicals, were imprisoned.)
- Immigrants were encouraged to support their homeland. (Incorrect. The propaganda campaign was to ensure that a nation of diverse immigrants, with ties to both sides of the conflict, thought of themselves as American first, and their home country’s nationality second.)
- Americans were encouraged to support their fellow Americans regardless of their ethnicity. (Incorrect. The propaganda campaign embodied a strongly anti-German message that succeeded in molding an anti-German sentiment around the country.)
- The war would make the world safe for democracy. (Correct! Hollywood studios and other media outlets cultivated a view of the war that pitted democracy against imperialism and framed America as a crusading nation rescuing Western civilization from medievalism and militarism.)
A: The war would make the world safe for democracy.

Q: The American First campaign encouraged all Americans, regardless of their country of birth, to think of themselves as Americans first. How was Hans, a German immigrant, affected by this campaign?
- Hans was deported back to Germany. (Incorrect. Immigrants who openly dissented and protested would face deportation as punishment, but not all immigrants were immediately deported.)
- Hans was not affected as Russians were the target of most propaganda. (Incorrect. The propaganda campaign embodied a strongly anti-German message that succeeded in molding an anti-German sentiment around the country.)
- Hans was not allowed to join the U.S. Army. (Incorrect. Between 1917 and 1918, the army accepted immigrants with some hesitancy because of the widespread public agitation against “hyphenated Americans” but they were ultimately allowed to fight.)
- Hans stopped speaking German for fear of reprisal. (Correct! Anti-German sentiment was rampant resulting in some schools banning the teaching of the German language, symphonies refusing to perform music written by German composers, and German Americans being persecuted and their businesses shunned, whether or not they voiced any objection to the war.)
A: Hans stopped speaking German for fear of reprisal.

Q: New laws were passed in the years following American involvement in World War I to encourage loyalty and discourage dissidents. Which laws prohibited the use of disloyal language against the United States government?
- The Espionage Act. (Incorrect. The Espionage Act prohibited giving aid to the enemy by spying, or espionage, as well as any public comments that opposed the American war effort. Under this act, the government could impose fines and imprisonment of up to twenty years.)
- Alien and Sedition Acts. (Incorrect. The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President Adams. These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote.)
- The Liberty Act. (Incorrect. The Liberty Loan Act allowed the federal government to sell “liberty bonds” to the American public. The government ultimately raised $23 billion through liberty bonds.)
- The Sedition Act. (Correct! The Sedition Act, passed in 1918, prohibited any criticism or disloyal language against the federal government and its policies, the U.S. Constitution, the military uniform, or the American flag. More than two thousand persons were charged with violating these laws, and many received prison sentences of up to twenty years.)
A: The Sedition Act.

Q: As men left to fight in the Great War in Europe, employers were left with many open positions. By whom were these positions filled?
- Women were not allowed to work in “dangerous” jobs and the openings were filled by immigrants. (Incorrect. Immigration from Europe stopped during the war. Women worked all kinds of jobs including jobs in the industrial sector and the railroad.)
- Women enjoyed a newfound freedom with high-paying jobs they were able to keep even after the war's end. (Incorrect. After the war ended and men returned home and searched for work, women were fired from their jobs and expected to return home and care for their families. Even when they were doing men’s jobs, women were typically paid lower wages than male workers.)
- Both Black and White women were afforded the same opportunity to work and volunteer outside the home. (Incorrect. The military prohibited Black women from serving as enlisted or appointed medical personnel. White leaders of the American Red Cross, YMCA/YWCA, and Salvation Army municipal chapters refused to admit Black women as equal participants.)
- Women worked the many jobs left open by men who were fighting in Europe but were often fired as the men returned. (Correct! More than one million women entered the workforce for the first time as a result of the war, while more than eight million working women found higher-paying jobs. However, after the war ended and men returned home and searched for work, women were fired from their jobs and expected to return home and care for their families.)
A: Women worked the many jobs left open by men who were fighting in Europe but were often fired as the men returned.

Q: Some Black soldiers who were assigned to the French Army found themselves with a great deal more freedom than what was afforded to them by the American Army. What changed as a result of how Black soldiers were treated in France?
- White Americans who served alongside Black Americans helped change the status quo in America by ending Jim Crow laws. (Incorrect. The freedoms granted to Black American soldiers often infuriated their White counterparts and most White Americans desired a return to the status quo, a world that did not include social, political, or economic equality for Black people.)
- Eventually, Black soldiers were welcomed into the same units as White Americans and they fought side by side. (Incorrect. Racially segregated units continued throughout World War I and II.)
- After some Black Americans won prestigious medals from the French army, the American army also awarded many Black soldiers. (Incorrect. Some Black soldiers were given the awards they earned but many never received the medals they earned or were never nominated for awards they deserved.)
- Black Americans returned ready to fight in America for the same equal treatment they experienced in France. (Correct! French soldiers were generally kind and friendly toward Black Americans. When Black soldiers began to return from France, however, they were met with hostility, anger, and violence. Many Black Americans were not willing to accept post-war racism, triggering a dramatic change in Black communities.)
A: Black Americans returned ready to fight in America for the same equal treatment they experienced in France.

Q: Many Black people moved to different regions of the United States during and immediately following World War I. What kind of reaction were these newly relocated Black Americans met with?
- Southern business owners and planters were happy to see Black people move north. (Incorrect. White business and plantation owners feared that their cheap workforce was fleeing the region, and used violence to intimidate Black people into staying. In fact, recorded incidences of lynching increased from thirty-eight in 1917 to eighty-three in 1919.)
- White workers in the north welcomed the new Black laborers who came to work. (Incorrect. White workers felt that this sudden racial integration of their workplaces was too much and pushed back, often violently. The American Federation of Labor advocated for segregated workplaces in order to prevent violence, but riots erupted anyway.)
- They were unable to find work in the North because jobs were already filled. (Incorrect. Manufacturing plants in the Northern U.S. found that they were losing workers to military service and they could not find new ones due to the sudden halt of immigration from Europe. Companies from the North sent recruiters to Southern states to find workers.)
- Black families were prohibited from settling in certain neighborhoods. (Correct! As racism continued to be a major force in both the North and South, several municipalities passed residential codes designed to prohibit Black Americans from settling in certain neighborhoods.)
A: Black families were prohibited from settling in certain neighborhoods.

Q: World War I created a labor shortage in America as many young men shipped off to war. How did the labor shortage allow for employees to improve their working conditions?
- They went on strike and their demands were quickly met so wartime production could continue. (Incorrect. People still needed to work and continued to work even before negotiations began.)
- Employers voluntarily improved wages to entice more people to work at home, rather than enlist in the Army. (Incorrect. Employers did not voluntarily improve conditions, it was part of negotiations.)
- The shortage allowed employees to demand, and receive, increased wages that kept pace with inflation. (Incorrect. Even though wages did increase, it was not enough to keep pace with inflation.)
- They agreed not to strike in exchange for being able to organize and use collective bargaining. (Correct! The federal government promoted the adoption of an eight-hour workday, a living wage for all workers, and union membership.)
A: They agreed not to strike in exchange for being able to organize and use collective bargaining.

Q: Despite a large number of men shipping off to Europe to fight in the Great War, many remained in the United States and worked on the home front. How were workers’ wages in America affected by the war?
- They saw an increase in the standard of living as wages increased. (Incorrect. Individual purchasing power actually declined during the war due to the substantially higher cost of living.)
- They saw wages decline as production costs for war necessities increased. (Incorrect. Wages were increased by way of collective bargaining.)
- Wages stagnated and many in the working class were driven into poverty. (Incorrect. Wages did increase but not at the same rate as the cost of living. Purchasing power went down for most of the working class.)
- They did not see as many economic gains as business owners. (Correct! Individual purchasing power actually declined during the war due to the substantially higher cost of living. Business profits, in contrast, increased by nearly a third during the war.)
A: They did not see as many economic gains as business owners.

Q: Prior to World War I, the government was largely uninvolved in organized labor. What effect did wartime labor shortages have on government involvement?
- The government stopped what little involvement it had to concentrate on other wartime needs. (Incorrect. President Wilson ordered the creation of the National Labor War Board in April 1918 to be able to negotiate with the American Federation of Labor.)
- The federal government remained opposed to unions in the workforce and refused to cooperate. (Incorrect. Negotiations between the government and organized labor resulted in a “no-strike pledge” for the duration of the war in exchange for the U.S. government’s protection of workers’ rights to organize and use collective bargaining.)
- The government needed leaders of the labor movement to motivate laborers and therefore did not interfere with their work. (Incorrect. Because of the impact that organized labor could have on war production, their general opposition to the draft, and the fact that many were immigrants, leaders of the labor movement were often targeted by authorities under the Espionage & Sedition Acts.)
- The federal government became more involved in an effort to deal with the labor shortage. (Correct! The wartime need for peaceful and productive industrial relations prompted the federal government to invite organized labor leaders to the negotiating table.)
A: The federal government became more involved in an effort to deal with the labor shortage.

Q: In 1919, both the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting alcohol, and the Nineteenth Amendment, giving women the right to vote, were ratified by congress. How did the war affect support for the 18th and 19th amendments?
- People were too distracted by the war to notice what a small number of people were working for. (Incorrect. Many women, including Wilson’s own daughter, were heavily involved in the suffragist movement.)
- Progressivism, which supported both amendments, had a large resurgence during the war. (Incorrect. Progressivism was a dwindling movement, but it sought to use the war as motivation for their final push for change.)
- Wilson’s cry of a war “to make the world safe for democracy”, was used by supporters of both amendments. (Incorrect. While supporters of the 19th amendment did use the argument that a true democracy would allow women’s suffrage, prohibition had little to do with democracy, either at home or overseas.)
- Organizers garnered support for both amendments by making the topics a matter of patriotism. (Correct! The 18th amendment was bolstered by the strong anti-German sentiment as it was largely German-descended immigrants who ran breweries. Additionally, the public cry to ration food and grain made prohibition even more patriotic. Supporters of the 19th amendment said Wilson’s rallying cry of a war “to make the world safe for democracy”, was hypocritical as he sent American men to die for such principles while denying American women their democratic right to vote.)
A: Organizers garnered support for both amendments by making the topics a matter of patriotism.

Q: The 18th amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol within the United States. How did the American public react to the 18th amendment?
- The public was supportive of the new law and it was easily enforced after the war ended. (Incorrect. There was an overwhelming desire by the public to obtain alcohol at all costs.)
- There was widespread opposition as some religions incorporated alcohol into their services. (Incorrect. The act specifically excluded from prohibition the use of alcohol for religious rituals.)
- The new law was impossible to enforce as the consumption of alcohol was never banned. (Incorrect. Shortly after ratifying the amendment, Congress passed the Volstead Act, which translated the 18th Amendment into an enforceable ban on the consumption of alcoholic beverages.)
- Since it did not take effect until after the war had ended, there was widespread opposition. (Correct! Almost immediately following the war, the general public began to oppose and violate the law, making it very difficult to enforce.)
A: Since it did not take effect until after the war had ended, there was widespread opposition.

Q: The women’s suffrage movement gained momentum during World War I resulting in the passage of the 19th amendment. How did President Wilson's own values affect the women’s suffrage movement?
- Wilson was a lifelong supporter of women’s right to vote. (Incorrect. It was only after the abusive treatment of suffragists in prison, women’s important contribution to the war effort, and the arguments of his suffragist daughter, that President Wilson began to understand women’s right to vote as an ethical mandate for a true democracy.)
- President Wilson never supported women’s suffrage and Congress acted without his support. (Incorrect. As President Wilson began to understand women’s right to vote as an ethical mandate for a true democracy, he started urging congressmen and senators to adopt the legislation.)
- Many of the nations the U.S. was at war with allowed women to vote and Wilson felt obligated to do the same. (Incorrect. It was internal pressures that contributed to Wilson’s support of women’s suffrage. Many European nations did not grant women the right to vote until the end of World War I.)
- Wilson’s desire to keep the world safe democracy encouraged his support of women’s suffrage. (Correct! Supporters of equal rights for women pointed to Wilson’s rallying cry of a war “to make the world safe for democracy,” as hypocritical, saying he was sending American boys to die for such principles while simultaneously denying American women their democratic right to vote.)
A: Wilson’s desire to keep the world safe democracy encouraged his support of women’s suffrage.

Q: When the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, the Allied forces were close to exhaustion. How did the involvement of the United States change the tide of the war?
- U.S. troops were able to secure the Eastern Front and effectively end the war between Germany and Russia. (Incorrect. By March 1918, the Germans had won the war on the Eastern Front and Russian delegates agreed to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending their war with Germany and the Central Powers.)
- The U.S. troops required extensive training and were unable to contribute to the war effort before France fell to the Germans. (Incorrect. Germany suddenly shifted massive amounts of troops away from the Eastern Front causing both the French and British to ask Wilson to forestall extensive training to U.S. troops and instead commit them to the front immediately, which Wilson did.)
- The U.S. troops were not prepared for battle and suffered catastrophic losses, allowing Germany to advance to Paris. (Incorrect. While the U.S. did suffer many casualties, they were successful in battle, overrunning the German headquarters in the village, and convincing the French commanders of their ability to fight against the German line advancing towards Paris.)
- The U.S. was able to supply fresh troops in France to help push back exhausted German troops. (Correct! Two million men of the American Expeditionary Forces had joined British and French armies in a series of successful counter-offensives that pushed the disintegrating German lines back across France putting the Germans in full retreat by the end of July 1918.)
A: The U.S. was able to supply fresh troops in France to help push back exhausted German troops.

Q: When the United States entered the Great War in 1917, American troops were poised to undergo extensive training before being sent into battle, they were however placed immediately on the front lines. What event forced American troops to the front lines of the Western Front?
- Britain agreed to an armistice, removing their troops from the war. (Incorrect. The armistice agreement stopped the war between Germany and all Allies, not just the British.)
- German Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated his throne, causing more Germans to enter the war. (Incorrect. Wilhelm's abdication of the throne allowed for the armistice agreement which signaled the end of the fighting, not an increase.)
- The flu killed so many French troops, Americans were forced to step in. (Incorrect. The flu was first confirmed in America before making its way to Europe where it killed many soldiers of every nationality.)
- The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed by Russia, causing them to stop fighting. (Correct! The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the war between Russia and the Central Powers. Germany, now suddenly able to shift massive amounts of troops away from the Eastern Front, forced the U.S. to commit troops to the Western Front immediately.)
A: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed by Russia, causing them to stop fighting.

Q: In 1917, American troops arrived in Europe, ready to reinforce the wearied Allied troops who had been fighting for years. In what area did the fresh American troops make the biggest impact?
- American troops in Great Britain drove German forces off the island. (Incorrect. German ground forces never invaded Great Britain. The ground war took place on mainland Europe.)
- American troops in Russia pushed the Germans to retreat across Poland. (Incorrect. Germany won the war on the Eastern Front and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the war between Russia and the Central Powers)
- American troops in Germany were able to sabotage German soldiers and equipment. (Incorrect. The vast majority of battles took place in France. American troops did not enter Germany directly.)
- American troops in France were able to force German troops into a full retreat. (Correct! After a series of Allied successes across France from 1917 to 1918, defeat was inevitable for Germany and they were in full retreat.)
A: American troops in France were able to force German troops into a full retreat.

Q: Before the United States even engaged in Europe, President Wilson was already planning for the post-war world in what became known as the Fourteen Points. One of the Fourteen Points included what was known as collective security. What was the idea of collective security?
- Nations would join an international body which would help to diffuse conflicts before they became wars. (Incorrect. This describes the League of Nations which was President Wilson’s idea for an international body.)
- Colonized nations would gain the right to determine their own fate in terms of independence or sovereignty. (Incorrect. This is the concept of self-determination which is the right of groups of people to determine their own fate in terms of independence or sovereignty.)
- Germany would accept all blame for starting the Great War and all other nations would unite to ensure compliance. (Incorrect. This describes, in part, the “war guilt clause” in which Germany took responsibility for starting the war.)
- All member nations would agree to defend all other member nations against military threats. (Correct! Collective security was a provision which required all League of Nations members to promise that they would come to the aid of any other member who was attacked or suffered aggression at the hands of another nation.)
A: All member nations would agree to defend all other member nations against military threats.

Q: President Wilson’s Fourteen Points for a postwar world included self-determination, the right of groups of people to determine their own terms of independence. How did self-determination actually unfold at the Paris Peace Conference?
- Most colonial powers supported self-determination and liberated their overseas colonial holdings. (Incorrect. In order to secure themselves against possible future aggression from Germany they sought to maintain or even strengthen their own colonial possessions.)
- Despite most nations supporting self-determination, the irreconcilables prevented it from being included in the Treaty of Versailles. (Incorrect. The irreconcilables were members of the United States Senate who opposed the Treaty of Versailles on all grounds.)
- The idea of self-determination was unpopular and all nations, including Germany, kept their colonies. (Incorrect. German colonies were taken and redistributed among the victors of the war.)
- Great Britain, France, Japan, and Italy expanded their colonial holdings by claiming territory in Africa and Asia. (Correct! The danger of revolutions elsewhere spurred these allies to use the treaty negotiations to expand their territories and secure their strategic interests, rather than strive towards world peace.)
A: Great Britain, France, Japan, and Italy expanded their colonial holdings by claiming territory in Africa and Asia.

Q: President Wilson hoped to establish the League of Nations to promote his vision of a new world order of developing a moral foreign policy for the entire world. What would be the function of the League of Nations?
- To function as a worldwide government in place of individual national governments. (Incorrect. The League of Nations would not establish a worldwide government; each nation would maintain its own national government.)
- To establish a group of nations willing to invade Russia and stop the Bolshevik Revolution. (Incorrect. While the Bolshevik Revolution was seen as a threat, an invasion into Russia was not proposed.)
- To create an alliance of nations to oversee decolonization and establish self-determination. (Incorrect. Self-determination was not supported by the majority of nations and decolonization did not happen.)
- To diffuse conflicts before they became wars by facilitating talks and negotiations. (Correct! The League of Nations was President Wilson’s idea for an international body that would help diffuse conflicts before they became wars by facilitating talks and negotiations, and pledging collective security in case of aggression.)
A: To diffuse conflicts before they became wars by facilitating talks and negotiations.

Q: At the Paris Peace Conference, other nations agreed to the final terms of the Treaty of Versailles, but the United States required a two-thirds vote from Congress before the treaty could be ratified. What hurdles did the treaty face in the U.S. Senate?
- Objections from senators who believed Germany was not facing severe enough reparations. (Incorrect. There were no German representatives present during the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles, and the result was a long list of extremely rigid and harsh requirements for Germany.)
- Objections from senators who believed the reparations Germany faced were too harsh. (Incorrect. There was not a notable group of senators who believed the reparations were too harsh.)
- Objections from senators who believed the League of Nations was a threat to the U.S. government. (Incorrect. The League of Nations never aimed to be a world governing body, but rather a body to help maintain international peace.)
- Objections from senators who worried about the role of the U.S. under collective security. (Correct! Isolationists feared that the requirement of collective security would require extensive American intervention, meanwhile, interventionists argued that it would impede the United States from using her rightfully attained military power to secure and protect America’s international interests.)
A: Objections from senators who worried about the role of the U.S. under collective security.

Q: The Treaty of Versailles had to be approved by two-thirds of the United States Senate before it was ratified. President Wilson knew it would be a tough battle to get enough votes. Why was the Treaty of Versailles opposed by some U.S. senators?
- Republicans refused to support the treaty in an effort to discredit President Wilson. (Incorrect. The Republican party was mostly split between Reservationists and Irreconcilables who had hesitation about various parts of the treaty, but they did not specifically target Wilson.)
- Irreconcilables refused to support the treaty with any amendments proposed. (Incorrect. Irreconcilables were opposed to the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles in any form.)
- Isolationists would not support the treaty without the removal of the “war guilt clause”. (Incorrect. Isolationists wanted to keep the U.S. out of all international affairs; the “war guilt clause” was not a factor.)
- Reservationists worried the U.S. would unnecessarily be drawn into foreign conflicts. (Correct! Reservationists would support the treaty if sufficient amendments were introduced that could eliminate collective security.)
A: Reservationists worried the U.S. would unnecessarily be drawn into foreign conflicts.

Q: In order for the United States to become an official member of the League of Nations, the Treaty of Versailles had to be ratified by the senate. Why did some United States senators vote against joining the League of Nations?
- Some believed the League of Nations would begin to overpower the United States government. (Incorrect. Some senators believed joining the League would limit the United States’ ability to protect their international interests but there were no worries about the League overpowering the government.)
- No other nations agreed to the treaty which was alarming to many of the senators. (Incorrect. All other involved nations had already signed the Treaty of Versailles.)
- After Wilson's stroke, the treaty lost support from democratic senators. (Incorrect. Even after his stroke, Wilson continued to urge Democrat senators to support the original version of the treaty. One group of democrats supported the treaty in its original form while others supported it with amendments.)
- Some believed the U.S. would be unable to protect their international interests. (Correct! Interventionists argued that it would impede the United States from using its rightfully attained military power to secure and protect America’s international interests since other nations could intervene against the U.S.)
A: Some believed the U.S. would be unable to protect their international interests.

Q: Post-WWI America faced many challenges, one of which was rapid inflation. What factors contributed to the rapid inflation?
- Workers now able to strike, did so, which created a labor shortage which in turn created a supply shortage. (Incorrect. Workers did strike for better wages and working conditions but overall, with all the returning soldiers, unemployment and wage stagnation increased, contributing to inflation.)
- People were hesitant to buy new goods due to the unstable economic situation. (Incorrect. Many people rushed to buy products that had been rationed during the war but production was unable to keep up.)
- As the flu spread, people bought many goods in bulk thus creating an increase in demand and driving up prices. (Incorrect. There is no evidence that stockpiling during the flu of 1918-1919 affected the economy in any way.)
- There was a shortage of domestic goods, as change to the production of peacetime goods was slow. (Correct! When the government’s wartime control over the economy ended, businesses slowly transitioned from wartime production to peacetime production. Public demand quickly outpaced the slow production, leading to shortages of domestic goods, and inflation skyrocketed in 1919.)
A: There was a shortage of domestic goods, as change to the production of peacetime goods was slow.

Q: Both Black and White men fought and died for the United States in World War I. How did this experience affect race relations in the post-war United States?
- Integration began in places like schools and work. (Incorrect. Segregation continued for several more years. In 1919 a beach erupted in violence due to segregation.)
- Black people were celebrated for their sacrifices. (Incorrect. Many White people were committed to restoring their sense of white supremacy. Violence against Black citizens escalated as lynchings and attacks increased.)
- Black soldiers willingly accepted the segregation they returned home to. (Incorrect. Black soldiers returned home with a renewed sense of justice and strength, determined to assert their rights as men and as citizens.)
- Race riots erupted across America. (Correct! Numerous race riots took place in many cities as White soldiers returned to find Black workers in their former jobs and Black soldiers returned with a renewed sense of justice and strength.)
A: Race riots erupted across America.

Q: When, in 1919, several letter bombs were found, many Americans became convinced that all radicals must be stopped. How did the United States government respond to the fears of the people?
- Race riots took place as most communists were Black. (Incorrect. Race riots happened due to other circumstances.)
- Freedom of speech prevailed and communists were allowed to spread their ideas. (Incorrect. People were arrested for giving speeches and distributing information considered to be radical.)
- People who were not American citizens were arrested and charged with sedition. (Incorrect. Many people arrested were American citizens. Many more were arrested but held without being charged.)
- The Palmer Raids began in an effort to arrest those with communist ties. (Correct! Palmer raids resulted in the arrests of four thousand alleged American radicals who were detained for weeks in overcrowded cells.)
A: The Palmer Raids began in an effort to arrest those with communist ties.

Q: John lost his only son to World War I and was eager to see a change in the White House during the election of 1920. What about Warren G. Harding’s campaign platform most appealed to John?
- Harding pledged to attack Germany as payback for starting World War I. (Incorrect. Harding did not wish to continue fighting World War I and made no such suggestions.)
- Harding promised to continue to fight for the U.S. to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. (Incorrect. The Treaty of Versailles was voted against twice in the senate and the fight was over.)
- Harding pledged to uphold much of the legislation passed under Wilson. (Incorrect. Americans in general were tired of an interventionist government and wanted a government less involved in their daily lives.)
- Harding promised to not interfere in international affairs. (Correct! Harding stated, “It would be a sorry day for this republic if we allowed our activities in seeking for peace in the Old World to blind us to the essentials of peace at home. If I could choose but one, I had rather have industrial and social peace at home, than command the international peace of all the world.”)
A: Harding promised to not interfere in international affairs.

Q: In 1920, the Democratic Party faced many problems when trying to select a candidate to run against Warren G Harding. What issues did the Democrats face when selecting a candidate?
- Wilson insisted on running for a third term despite having little party support. (Incorrect. After his stroke, Wilson was in no physical condition to run for a third term.)
- There were no suitable candidates besides Wilson, who the law prohibited from seeking a third term. (Incorrect. At this time there were no laws limiting the number of terms a president could serve.)
- Fighting between two possible candidates split the party into Democrats and New Democrats. (Incorrect. Political in-fighting was an issue in this election cycle but the party did not actually divide.)
- Fighting among democrats threatened to split the party vote. (Correct! Political in-fighting among Wilson’s cabinet, most notably between A. Mitchell Palmer and William McAdoo, threatened to split the party convention.)
A: Fighting among democrats threatened to split the party vote.

Q: By 1920, Americans were tired of the Great War dominating their lives and looked forward to a time of normalcy. Why did Warren G. Harding appeal to so many Americans?
- He supported the League of Nations and promised to finish the job Wilson could not. (Incorrect. The U.S. joining the League of Nations was not supported by the majority as they feared it would lead the U.S. to become more involved in more foreign conflicts.)
- He was a progressive candidate which people supported after years of progressivism decline. (Incorrect. Americans were tired of Progressive reform and wanted a president to leave them alone to live their lives as they wished.)
- He was a spirited candidate who promised to make the United States a premier global power. (Incorrect. Americans wanted prosperity and normalcy, rather than continued intervention in international affairs. Harding was not an exciting candidate but offered the people what they wanted.)
- He backed low taxes, immigration restriction, and noninterference in world affairs. (Correct! Despite not being an energetic candidate, Harding offered the people what they wanted, which was to be left alone to live their lives and not become entangled in international problems.)
A: He backed low taxes, immigration restriction, and noninterference in world affairs.

Q: President Woodrow Wilson’s call for “peace without victory” reflected his belief that
- the U.S. must maintain an isolationist foreign policy and not get militarily involved in World War I. (Incorrect. The U.S. eventually entered World War I on the side of the Entente Powers and never really practiced an isolationist foreign policy.)
- Germany bore sole responsibility for causing World War I and must be brought to trial in the International Court of Justice. (Incorrect. President Wilson did not hold Germany solely responsible for the war and hoped for a peace settlement that would be fair for both sides. Also, the International Court of Justice was not established until 1945.)
- the Monroe Doctrine only applied to the U.S. and should not be adopted by other nations. (Incorrect. President Wilson in fact stated that other nations should adopt the principles of the Monroe Doctrine.)
- peace must be founded on the equality of rights of nations, great and small. (Correct! President Wilson advocated for the equality of rights of all nations, regardless of their size or whether they were on the winning or losing side of the war.)
A: peace must be founded on the equality of rights of nations, great and small.

Q: In his Fourteen Points, President Woodrow Wilson envisioned a postwar world where
- Germany, Italy, and Poland were integrated into the Austro-Hungarian Empire. (Incorrect. This was not part of President Wilson’s visions for a postwar world. He did not advocate for annexation of these countries to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.)
- nations settled conflicts among themselves as they saw fit, without involving any international organizations. (Incorrect. The U.S. president called for an international organization that would mediate conflicts between nations and prevent another war.)
- trade barriers, size of national military forces, and colonial claims remained as they were prior to the outbreak of World War I. (Incorrect. President Wilson did not envision a return to status quo prior to the war. He proposed changes in the areas of trade barriers, size of military forces, and colonial possessions.)
- free trade and national self-determination were promoted. (Correct! President Wilson was an advocate for free trade and national self-determination, which he believed would contribute to peace and prevent another war.)
A: free trade and national self-determination were promoted.

Q: In addition to a desire to prevent future wars, which of the following might have motivated President Woodrow Wilson as he composed his Fourteen Points?
- A goal to support Japan’s leadership role at the Paris Peace Conference to promote his commitment to racial equality. (Incorrect. The president was not particularly supportive of Japan’s position in the Paris Peace Conference.)
- Anger towards Germany for causing World War I and a belief that Germany must be stripped of all arms and financial resources so that it could not start another war. (Incorrect. Anger towards Germany and a desire to punish Germany were not motivations behind President Wilson’s Fourteen Points. He in fact supported the idea of “peace without victory” and called for a fair peace settlement for both the victors and the defeated.)
- A previously negotiated plan between France, the Soviet Union, and the U.S. to sabotage the founding of the League of Nations. (Incorrect. This was not accurate as President Wilson was the proponent of the founding of the League of Nations.)
- A concern over the threat of Bolshevism. (Correct! The president was concerned about a spread of Bolshevism to other parts of Europe and in America after the successful communist revolution in Russia.)
A: A concern over the threat of Bolshevism.

Q: From the perspectives of Lenin and Trotsky, President Wilson’s actions appeared to serve the interests of ________ rather than promoting his ideals for democracy and union of nations.
- communists (Incorrect. Lenin and Trotsky did not view the president’s actions as serving communist interests)
- socialists. (Incorrect. President Wilson’s actions did not promote the interests of socialists.)
- the Central Powers (Incorrect. This was not the reason for Lenin and Trotsky’s criticism of President Wilson. The terms of the peace settlement did not serve the interests of the Central Powers, which were on the losing side of the war.)
- imperialists and capitalists (Correct! Lenin and Trotsky criticized the president because the war and the terms of the peace treaty appeared to benefit the imperial powers and capitalists and were not consistent with the ideals the president had proclaimed in his Fourteen Points.)
A: imperialists and capitalists

Q: According to his response to President Wilson, Senator Borah opposed U.S. membership in the League of Nations due to a concern over
- the League of Nations’ lack of standing military forces. (Incorrect. The absence of a League of Nations’ standing military force was not mentioned in Senator Borah’s speech.)
- the absence of key U.S. allies, including Britain and France, in the organization. (Incorrect. This was not a concern, since Britain and France would be members of the organization.)
- the monetary contributions the U.S. was required to pay. (Incorrect. Senator Borah did not oppose U.S. membership in the League of Nations out of a concern over monetary contributions.)
- U.S. involvement in entangling alliances with Europe. (Correct! Senator Borah referred to President Washington’s caution against “entangling alliances” in his speech opposing U.S. membership of the League of Nations.)
A: U.S. involvement in entangling alliances with Europe.

Q: For “reservationists” like Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Article X of the League of Nations covenant, which would oblige the U.S. to defend other member countries in the event of an attack, raised a major concern over
- U.S. Congress’s authority to approve military budgets. (Incorrect. Article X would not impact U.S. Congress’s authority to approve military budgets.)
- The potential placement of U.S. military forces under the command of foreign officers. (Incorrect. This was not a major issue raised by Article X and not a key concern of the reservationists.)
- an increase in military draft calls. (Incorrect. The reservationists’ opposition to Article X did not stem from a concern over military conscriptions.)
- the constitutional authority of the U.S. Congress to declare war. (Correct! The reservationists, led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, were concerned about Article X because it would infringe on Congress’s constitutional authority to declare war.)
A: the constitutional authority of the U.S. Congress to declare war.