Title: From Cold War to Culture Wars (1980-2000)
Course: Question Banks

Q: How did the religious “Moral Majority” support Ronald Reagan’s presidential campaign?
- By backing his campaign for governor of California. (Incorrect. Ronald Reagan launched his political career in 1966 when he was elected governor of California, but this was not an action by the Moral Majority.)
- By launching a smear campaign against incumbent Pat Brown. (Incorrect. Pat Brown was not a candidate in the 1980 election but was who Reagan ran against in the 1966 governor election.)
- The increasing popularity of his Hollywood Films. (Incorrect. While Reagan was an actor before his political career, the popularity of his films was not a result of action by the Moral Majority.)
- By registering an estimated two million voters in 1980. (Correct! Despite only being slightly religious, Reverend Jerry Falwell directed the “Moral Majority” to support Reagan’s candidacy.)
A: By registering an estimated two million voters in 1980.

Q: Which of the following best describes voters who would have supported Ronald Reagan in the 1980 election
- They were primarily poor young people who lived in urban areas. (Incorrect. Voters for Reagan tended to be wealthy, older people.)
- They supported the Women’s Liberation Movement, including the legalization of abortion. (Incorrect. Reagan supporters were part of the “New Right” and were often against these movements, which tended to be more characteristic of the Democratic Party.)
- They were proponents of the separation of Church and State and protested against the actions of the Moral Majority. (Incorrect. Most of Reagan’s voters were evangelical Christians who were also part of the Moral Majority.)
- They were evangelical Christians who opposed the legalization of abortion, the feminist movement, and sex education in public schools. (Correct! Voters for Reagan tended to be against many of the social and cultural changes of the 1960s and 1970s.)
A: They were evangelical Christians who opposed the legalization of abortion, the feminist movement, and sex education in public schools.

Q: Which factor, in addition to Ronald Reagan’s election, led to a “right shift” in American politics in the early 1980s?
- Republican Control in the House of Representatives. (Incorrect. Republicans gained a net of 35 seats from the Democratic Party, but the Democratic Party maintained a majority.)
- High Voter Turnout. (Incorrect. Only 52% of eligible voters voted in 1980, and those who did vote mostly fit the profile of those who voted for Reagan.)
- Ronald Reagan’s selection of Jimmy Carter as his Vice President. (Incorrect. Ronald Reagan did not select Jimmy Carter as his Vice President.)
- Republican Control in the Senate (Correct! The Republican Party gained a majority in the Senate in the 1980 election.)
A: Republican Control in the Senate

Q: Fill in the blanks. Reaganomics was Ronald Reagan’s economic policy, which suggested that ________ taxes on the ________ income brackets would stimulate investment and economic growth.
- raising; upper (Incorrect. Ronald Reagan did not wish the raise taxes on the upper-income brackets. He wanted to lower them.)
- lowering; lower (Incorrect. Ronald Reagan did not support lowering taxes on the lower-income bracket because they used their money to invest and trickle down to other groups of people.)
- raising; lower (Incorrect. Reagan did not support raising taxes on lower-income brackets as they would not be able to afford the taxes.)
- lowering; upper (Correct! Ronald Reagan advocated for lowering taxes on the upper class since they would invest their money in businesses, and that money would trickle down to lower-income groups.)
A: lowering; upper

Q: Reaganomics argued that wealth would fall to those in both the richer and poorer Americans under his supply-side economic theory. Another term for this plan is
- Keynesian Economics. (Incorrect. Keynesian Economics focused on stimulating consumer demand by providing more buying power to the consumer.)
- Marxism. (Incorrect. Marxism is centered on the rich deriving the most work from the working class by paying the least wages possible.)
- Monetarism. (Incorrect. Monetarism promotes that governments control the money supply.)
- “Trickle Down” Economics. (Correct! Advocates for Supply-Side economics promised that the resulting wealth would reach or “trickle-down” to lower-income groups through job creation and higher wages.)
A: “Trickle Down” Economics.

Q: How did Reaganomics help American Citizens?
- It raised the top marginal tax rate from 50 percent to 70 percent. (Incorrect. In 1981, the top marginal tax rate was lowered from 70 percent to 50 percent as part of “trickle-down” economics so that the benefits could fall to the lower class.)
- It abolished taxes for individuals who earned less than $30,000 a year. (Incorrect. All Americans were still required to pay taxes under Reaganomics.)
- It established the Federal Income Regulation Bureau to ensure that all citizens receive a liveable minimum wage. (Incorrect. The Federal Income Regulation Bureau does not exist.)
- Congress approved a $675 billion tax cut in July 1981. (Correct! This tax cut reduced overall federal taxes by more than one quarter.)
A: Congress approved a $675 billion tax cut in July 1981.

Q: What happened to the national debt during Reagan’s first term?
- It stayed stable at 47% of GDP due to Supply-Side Economics. (Incorrect. The national debt was 33% at Reagan’s election and increased during his first time.)
- It decreased to 19% of GDP due to “Trickle Down” economics. (Incorrect. During Reagan's presidency, the National Debt increased due to less income coming in due to tax cuts.)
- Reagan effectively abolished the national debt through his extreme economic policies. (Incorrect. Reagan’s economic policies increased the national debt, not decreased it.)
- It increased to 53% of GDP due to lower taxes and higher defense budgets. (Correct! Regan warned about the dangers of big government and cut income for the government but increased the military simultaneously.)
A: It increased to 53% of GDP due to lower taxes and higher defense budgets.

Q: What impact did reductions in Social Welfare spending have on ordinary citizens during Reagan’s presidency?
- It encouraged them to pursue a college education to earn a job that had a higher income. (Incorrect. Cuts in Social Welfare spending/programs resulted in the working class having less economic means and opportunities.)
- It made public schools the primary provider of social services to communities. (Incorrect. While schools did provide social services to communities, this was not a direct impact of reductions in Social Welfare spending under the Reagan administration.)
- It quickly ended the recession and brought about a period of economic prosperity for the working class. (Incorrect. Reagan’s cuts in Social Welfare spending did not end the recession of 1981 and 1982.)
- It heightened the impact of the recession of 1981 and 1982, where many families were unable to afford food. (Correct! Funding was reduced for food stamps and Aid to Families with Dependent Children, which was especially hard on low-income communities of color.)
A: It heightened the impact of the recession of 1981 and 1982, where many families were unable to afford food.

Q: While campaigning for reelection in 1984, Reagan pointed to the improving economy as evidence that it was “morning again in America.” How did the economy improve during Reagan’s first term?
- Unemployment dropped to 1% in 1984. (Incorrect. Unemployment dropped to 7.5 percent in 1984 but did not reach 1%.)
- The Social Security program was discontinued, which positively impacted the economy. (Incorrect. Reagan did not discontinue the Social Security program but modified it.)
- New Social programs such as “Head Start” were introduced. (Incorrect. “Head Start” was introduced during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration as part of the Great Society program.)
- Disposable income rose 2.5 percent in 1983 and 5.8 percent the following year. (Correct! Disposable income rose among Americans at the end of Reagan’s first term.)
A: Disposable income rose 2.5 percent in 1983 and 5.8 percent the following year.

Q: In Reagan’s farewell address he stated that “Those of us who are over thirty-five or so years of age grew up in a different America.” What is Reagan alluding to in this excerpt?
- Reagan believed that inflation was the greatest threat to the welfare of the American public. (Incorrect. Reagan is not referring to the economy in this quote, he is referring to social structures and values.)
- Reagan believed that liberalism was the answer to the majority of domestic social problems. (Incorrect. Reagan was a staunch conservative and opponent of liberalism.)
- Reagan believed that technology has greatly improved the lifestyle of the general public. (Incorrect. Reagan is not referring to technology in this excerpt.)
- Reagan believed that traditional values were threatened by a modern wave of immoral popular culture. (Correct! Reagan drew a picture for his audiences of the traditional good old days under attack by immorality and decline.)
A: Reagan believed that traditional values were threatened by a modern wave of immoral popular culture.

Q: Which of the following organizations was a direct proponent of Censorship during the Reagan administration?
- The Religious Right (Incorrect. While the religious right were against profanity and adult themes in music, they were not directly involved in the censorship of music.)
- The Moral Majority (Incorrect. While the Moral Majority was a group of evangelical Christians, they were not directly involved in music censorship.)
- Neoliberals (Incorrect. Supporters of neoliberalism advocate for little government regulation of the economy and low or no corporate taxes.)
- Parents Music Resource Center (Correct! The PMRC’s strategy was to get the recording industry to adopt a voluntary rating system for music and recordings, similar to the Motion Picture Association of America’s system for movies.)
A: Parents Music Resource Center

Q: In the 1980s, what phenomenon did most politicians hone in on as the cause for violent crime?
- The implementation of Reagan’s “War on Drugs” (Incorrect. Reagan’s “War on Drugs” was created as a solution to the abuse of Crack Cocaine and the rise of violent crime.)
- The decrease of the prison population. (Incorrect. Reagan’s War on Drugs resulted in harsher sentencing guidelines for offenders, resulting in overcrowding in prisons.)
- The rise in domestic violence of children and women (Incorrect. Politicians did not cite abuse as the cause of violent crime but as one of the violent crimes resulting from increased drug abuse.)
- The abuse of crack cocaine. (Correct! Crack cocaine hit the streets in the 1980s, resulting in Reagan declaring a “war on drugs.”)
A: The abuse of crack cocaine.

Q: What trend from the 1960s and 1970s continued into the 1980s regarding Black politicians?
- African-Americans' rights under the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were continually denied. (Incorrect. The Voting Rights Act ended poll taxes and literacy tests which were also illegal in the 1980s.)
- Government sanctioned segregation continued to be a major issue in Southern U.S. cities. (Incorrect. Segregation in public facilities was declared illegal during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.)
- Black politicians were denied opportunities to run for an elected office. (Incorrect. Black politicians were allowed to run for office and were often elected.)
- Black politicians gained control of major municipal governments across the country during the 1980s. (Correct! Many black politicians were elected into office, such as Wilson Goode and Harold Washington, being elected as the first Black mayors of Philadelphia and Chicago, respectively.)
A: Black politicians gained control of major municipal governments across the country during the 1980s.

Q: By 1990, the median income for Black families was $21,423, or 42 percent below the median income for White households. Which of the following would be a reason for this?
- The failure of the renewal of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. (Incorrect. While the Justice Department did push the president to oppose an extension of the Act, the Act was renewed, and it did not affect the economic disparity between the races.)
- The Black poverty rate was 3%. (Incorrect. The Black American poverty rate stood at 31.6% during Reagan’s last year in office, as opposed to 10.1% for White people.)
- No work opportunities for Middle-Class Black Americans. (Incorrect. Middle-class Black Americans found new doors open to them in the 1980s, but the poor and working-class faced continued challenges.)
- Spending cuts enacted by Reagan and congressional Republicans shrank programs such as Medicaid, food stamps, school lunch programs, and job training programs. (Correct! The Reagan administration failed to address economic disparities between white and black people and in many ways intensified them.)
A: Spending cuts enacted by Reagan and congressional Republicans shrank programs such as Medicaid, food stamps, school lunch programs, and job training programs.

Q: What was the leading cause of death for Black males between ages fifteen and twenty-four during the 1980s?
- diabetes (Incorrect. Diabetes was not the leading cause of death for black males in this age group in the 1980s.)
- heart disease (Incorrect. Heart disease was not the leading cause of death for black males in this age group in the 1980s.)
- stroke (Incorrect. Stroke was not the leading cause of death for black males in this age group in the 1980s.)
- homicide (Correct! Black Americans were most often the victims of violent crime, and sensationalist media reports incited fears about black-on-white crime in big cities.)
A: homicide

Q: The emergence of AIDS in the 1980s brought to the forefront questions about society’s acceptance of
- heterosexuality. (Incorrect. Heterosexuality (relationships between a man and a woman) were socially accepted in American society.)
- abortion. (Incorrect. The AIDS Pandemic was not a result of abortion.)
- integration. (Incorrect. Integration was unrelated to the health issues in the AIDS pandemic.)
- homosexuality. (Correct! The AIDS pandemic primarily affected young gay men in large cities.)
A: homosexuality.

Q: In response to the government’s lack of action regarding the AIDS pandemic, congressman Henry Waxman stated, “If the same disease had appeared among Americans of Norwegian descent…rather than among gay males, the response of both the government and the medical community would be different.” Based on Waxman’s response, he would most likely identify with which of the following groups of people at that time period?
- The Religious Right (Incorrect. The Religious Right was against AIDS research as they viewed homosexuality as immoral, and the majority of people living with AIDS were homosexual men.)
- Conservatives (Incorrect. Conservatives, often Republicans, Ronald Reagan’s political party, were against AIDS research.)
- The Moral Majority (Incorrect. The Moral Majority was often evangelical Christians who were against AIDS research.)
- Liberals (Correct! Waxman is a member of the Democratic Party and a representative from California. He identifies as a Liberal, a group that was a proponent of AIDS research in ending the AIDS pandemic.)
A: Liberals

Q: Which of the following was a way that the gay community organized its own response to the AIDS pandemic?
- They refused to take an active role until the federal government provided funding for research. (Incorrect. Many groups took an active role in gaining funding and awareness in addressing the AIDS Pandemic.)
- The Moral Majority agreed to support the gay community financially. (Incorrect. The Moral Majority as a whole did not support the gay community.)
- The gay community formed grassroots organizations in every U.S. city. (Incorrect. While many organizations were created to address the AIDS pandemic, these were not created in every U.S. city.)
- In 1982, New York City men formed the Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC). (Correct! This volunteer organization operated an information hotline, provided counseling and legal assistance, and raised money for people with HIV/AIDS.)
A: In 1982, New York City men formed the Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC).

Q: Which group of people would have most likely been critics of MTV due to their offensive, anti-authoritarian messages?
- The LGBT Community (Incorrect. The LGBT community was not known for their criticism of MTV and pop culture.)
- Liberals (Incorrect. Liberals did not criticize MTV and Music videos due to their content and messages.)
- Atheists (Incorrect. Atheists did not criticize MTV and music videos because of the messages that they portrayed.)
- Conservatives (Correct! The Religious Right perceived popular culture as hostile to Christian values.)
A: Conservatives

Q: In 1982, Time Magazine named an inanimate object the Person of the Year (the “Machine of the Year”) due to the major impact that it had on American culture and society. Which object was awarded this honor?
- The smart phone. (Incorrect. The smart phone was not invented until the 2000s.)
- The camera (Incorrect.The Camera was already an important invention at this time and did not receive this honor in TIME magazine.)
- Nintendo Entertainment System (Incorrect. The Nintendo Entertainment System was released in 1983 and positively impacted American leisure activities, but it did not receive this honor from TIME magazine.)
- The home computer (Correct! The home computer became popular in the early 1980s due to the positive impact that it had on American leisure and business activities.)
A: The home computer

Q: Why did television viewership fragment after being once dominated by the big three networks of NBC, ABC, and CBS?
- Most Americans were unable to afford a television. (Incorrect. In 1978, 98% of households owned a television.)
- People were unhappy with the programming shown on these channels. (Incorrect.This was not a direct cause of television viewership fragmenting. There was just more personalized programming available on other channels.)
- Streaming services became available
- feedback: Incorrect. Streaming services were not available until the popularization of wireless internet in the 2000s.
- The rise of cable channels catering to particularized tastes. (Correct! NBC, ABC, and CBS were the big television stations. Cable channels such as MTV, which primarily showed music videos, became popular.)
A: The rise of cable channels catering to particularized tastes.

Q: George H.W. Bush delivered a pledge at the 1988 Republican Convention. During his presidency, he found himself in the difficult position of trying to balance the budget and reduce the deficit without breaking his promise. What pledge did he make?
- “I am not a crook!” (Incorrect. This is the exclamation that Richard Nixon provided when he was accused of the Watergate Scandal)
- “I did not have sexual relations with that woman!” (Incorrect. This is the exclamation Bill Clinton had once accused of the Monica Lewinsky scandal.)
- “If you like your doctor, you can keep your doctor.” (Incorrect. This is the exclamation that Barack Obama provided when gathering support for the Affordable Care Act.)
- “Read my lips: no new taxes!” (Correct! George H.W. Bush delivered this promise at the 1988 Republican convention.)
A: “Read my lips: no new taxes!”

Q: George H.W. Bush broke new ground in civil rights by supporting an act that prohibited discrimination based on disability in public accommodations and practices by employers. What was this act called?
- The Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1989 (Incorrect. This increased the minimum wage to $4.25 an hour.)
- Civil Rights Act of 1990 (Incorrect. George H.W. Bush vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1990, stating that the bill would “introduce the destructive force of quotas into our nation’s employment system.”)
- Clean Air Act of 1990 (Incorrect. This tightened air pollution standards and sought to reduce urban smog.)
- Americans with Disabilities Act. (Correct! The ADA outlawed discrimination and required employers to provide reasonable accommodations and make things accessible for those with disabilities.)
A: Americans with Disabilities Act.

Q: After Thurgood Marshall, the first Black American ever to sit on the Supreme Court opted to retire, George H.W. Bush nominated another Black American to the court, who was also a social conservative. Who did he nominate?
- William Hastie (Incorrect. Hastie was the first Black Federal Judge under Franklin D. Roosevelt.)
- Spottswood W. Robinson (Incorrect. Robinson was nominated to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in 1968 by President Lyndon B. Johnson.)
- Constance Baker Motley (Incorrect. Motley was nominated to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York by Lyndon B. Johnson.)
- Clarence Thomas (Correct! After Thurgood Marshall’s retirement, George H.W. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court.)
A: Clarence Thomas

Q: Which of the following is an example of the Reagan Doctrine?
- Supporting Tax cuts for wealthy Americans. (Incorrect. This is part of “Reaganomics.” The Reagan Doctrine is related to Reagan’s foreign policy.)
- Providing funding for AIDS Research. (Incorrect. Reagan was against providing funding for AIDS Research. In addition, the Reagan Doctrine is focused on foreign policy.)
- Censoring Music published by Pop Artists. (Incorrect. This is a domestic issue pushed by the Parents Music Research Center.)
- When Iraq invaded Iran in 1980, the United States supplied Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein with military intelligence and business credits. (Correct! The Reagan Doctrine demonstrated the Reagan administration’s foreign policy of supplying aid to anti-communist forces.)
A: When Iraq invaded Iran in 1980, the United States supplied Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein with military intelligence and business credits.

Q: Why did Reagan’s policy of “peace through strength” appeal to Americans?
- It allowed Reagan to use money previously allotted for military expenses to focus on domestic programs. (Incorrect. Reagan greatly increased the defense budget during his presidency.)
- Reagan chose not to engage militarily with any foreign nations. (Incorrect. Reagan resolved to engage with other foreign countries in the pursuit of the end of communism throughout the world.)
- Reagan brought in additional income for the government from foreign countries. (Incorrect. Reagan greatly increased the defense budget, with some of this money assisting foreign countries.)
- They feared that the United States was losing its status as the world’s most powerful nation. (Correct! The United States promoted peace throughout the world by building up a strong military and only using it when necessary.)
A: They feared that the United States was losing its status as the world’s most powerful nation.

Q: What major question is at the center of the appeal of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and the presidential pardons received by others involved in the Iran Contra Affair?
- Was the Reagan Doctrine a strong foreign policy? (Incorrect. While the Reagan Doctrine’s effectiveness is certainly up for debate by Historians, that is not the question at the center of the Iran-Contra Affair.)
- Was Reagan rightfully impeached for his actions in the Iran-Contra Affair? (Incorrect. Reagan was not impeached for his actions in the Iran-Contra Affair?)
- Were Reagan’s domestic policies more important than his foreign policies? (Incorrect. While Historians can certainly debate this question, it is not the question at the center of the Iran-Contra Affair.)
- What extent could the president go to protect national interests? (Correct! The limits of Congress’s constitutional authority to oversee the activities of the executive branch have yet to be resolved.)
A: What extent could the president go to protect national interests?

Q: Which event marked the end of the Cold War?
- The implementation of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). (Incorrect. The SDI or “Star Wars” called for the development of a defensive shield to protect the United States from a Soviet missile strike, but it did not end the Cold War.)
- Ronald Reagan prompting Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. (Incorrect. While a significant move toward the end of the Cold War, this event did not signify the end of the many years of confrontation.)
- The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (Incorrect. This treaty signed in 1987 laid the foundation for future agreements limiting nuclear weapons but did not end the Cold War.)
- The dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in December 1991. (Correct! Gorbachev resigned from office on December 25, 1991 and in January 1992, twelve former Soviet republics formed the Commonwealth of Independent States to coordinate trade and security measures.)
A: The dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in December 1991.

Q: Read the excerpt from the speech given by Ronald Reagan on Friday, June 12, 1987.

“There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate!”

Based on this excerpt, which action is Ronald Reagan directing Secretary Gorbachev to complete in the interest of peace?
- The Soviet Union partnered with the United States in the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). (Incorrect. The SDI was proposed by Ronald Reagan in 1983, calling for the development of a defensive shield to protect the US from a Soviet missile strike.)
- The signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. (Incorrect. The treaty was signed by both Gorbachev and Reagan in 1987 at the White House.)
- Tender his resignation as the President of the Soviet Union. (Incorrect. Reagan was not directing Gorbachev to resign in his speech.)
- The tearing down of the Berlin Wall. (Correct! Reagan directly stated, “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this wall!” in the interest of peace and ending the Cold War.)
A: The tearing down of the Berlin Wall.

Q: Which of the following was a major component of Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)?
- Resolving to eliminate nuclear weapons by 1996. (Incorrect. Eliminating nuclear weapons by 1996 was an agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union as part of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.)
- The destruction of the Berlin Wall. (Incorrect. The fall of the Berlin Wall was unrelated to the Strategic Defense Initiative.)
- Reducing nuclear arsenals in the United States by 25 percent. (Incorrect. This was a component of START, the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.)
- Developing a defensive shield to protect the United States from a Soviet missile strike (Correct! Creating a defensive shield was a major component of Reagan’s “Star Wars” program.)
A: Developing a defensive shield to protect the United States from a Soviet missile strike

Q: How did President George H.W. Bush respond to Saddam Hussein and Iraq’s invasion of oil-rich Kuwait in 1990?
- Bush immediately tendered his resignation, as this invasion was an embarrassment to his administration. (Incorrect. George H.W. Bush did not resign from office during his administration.)
- He chose not to send troops into the Middle East due to “Vietnam Syndrome.” (Incorrect. Troops were sent into the Middle East as part of Operation Desert Storm.)
- Bush immediately used nuclear weapons against Iraq. (Incorrect. Bush did not use nuclear weapons against Iraq.)
- Bush forged an international coalition of thirty-four countries to oppose Iraqi aggression. (Correct! Many of these countries were members of NATO and were hoping to begin a “new world order.”)
A: Bush forged an international coalition of thirty-four countries to oppose Iraqi aggression.

Q: On January 14, 1991 George H.W. Bush received approval from Congress to use military force in Iraq, which resulted in Iraqi forces being expelled from Kuwait by the end of February 1991. What was this military operation called?
- Operation Secure Tomorrow (Incorrect. This was a 2004 operation in Haiti.)
- Operation Echo (Incorrect. Operation Echo took place from 1998-2000 and dealt with the enforcement of a no-fly zone over the Balkans.)
- Operation Megaphone (Incorrect. This operation dealt with Canada’s equipment usage in the Kosovo War.)
- Operation Desert Storm (Correct! Operation Desert Storm was a one-hundred-hour land war involving over 500,000 U.S. troops.)
A: Operation Desert Storm

Q: Which of the following would be the BEST title for this list?

- New technologies included laser-guided precision bombing
- Americans could now watch twenty-four hour live coverage of the war on the Cable News Network (CNN)
- The Iraqi army disintegrated after only a hundred hours of ground combat.
- Bush won enormous popular support, reaching an approval rating as high as 89% in the weeks after the end of the war.
- Ways the End of the Cold War impacted the United States. (Incorrect. This list of items is not directly related to the end of the Cold War.)
- Reasons why George H.W. Bush was elected to a second term as president. (Incorrect. George H.W. Bush was only elected to one term.)
- Reasons why Sadaam Hussein became the dictator of Iraq. (Incorrect. Sadaam Hussein was the president of Iraq before the Persian Gulf War.)
- How the Gulf War was viewed as a victory for the United States. (Correct! Each item on this list is a reason why the Gulf War was viewed as a victory for the United States.)
A: How the Gulf War was viewed as a victory for the United States.

Q: What did “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) have in common?
- They both defined marriage as being between one man and one woman. (Incorrect. This was the purpose of DOMA but was not directly stated by “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”.)
- They both dismissed people who were open about their homosexuality from military service. (Incorrect. This was directly stated by “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” but not by DOMA.)
- They were passed to provide support for young families with children. (Incorrect. This was not the purpose of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ and DOMA.)
- They limited rights and abilities of open expression to those in the LGBTQ Community. (Correct! “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” did not allow gay military members to openly express their sexuality and DOMA defined marriage as a union between two heterosexual people and denied federal benefits to same-sex couples.)
A: They limited rights and abilities of open expression to those in the LGBTQ Community.

Q: Which of the following was a criticism of the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act?
- It allowed more violent prisoners to be placed on parole. (Incorrect. This Act greatly scaled back the parole system meaning that people would remain incarcerated for longer periods of time.)
- It resulted in many prisons being closed. (Incorrect. More prisons were built as a result of the Act.)
- The law decreased the number of crimes that were punishable by execution. (Incorrect. The law expanded the number of crimes punishable by death.)
- It continued the pattern of inequitable mass incarceration and driving racially motivated policing. (Correct! This Act had a devastating impact on Black and Hispanic people and would have significant political consequences for Democrats who supported it.)
A: It continued the pattern of inequitable mass incarceration and driving racially motivated policing.

Q: Why did Bill Clinton refer to himself as a “New Democrat” during his campaign?
- Clinton did not stand for the same social issues that the democratic party stood for. (Incorrect. For the most part, Clinton held viewpoints regarding social issues in alignment with the majority of the Democratic party.)
- He was seeking to appeal to the wealthy class of society. (Incorrect. Clinton was primarily concerned with appealing to the Middle Class.)
- He proposed lower taxes on the rich, unlike most Democratic candidates. (Incorrect. Clinton promised higher taxes on the rich.)
- While a Democrat, he favored free trade and deregulation like the Republicans. (Correct! New Democrats were liberal on many social issues but leaned moderate or conservative on economic issues.)
A: While a Democrat, he favored free trade and deregulation like the Republicans.

Q: After signing a welfare bill on August 22, 1996, Bill Clinton stated that the act “gives us a chance we haven’t had before to break the cycle of dependency that has existed for millions and millions of our fellow citizens, exiling them from the world of work. It gives structure, meaning, and dignity to most of our lives.” What law is Clinton referring to in this excerpt?
- Aid to Families with Dependent Children (Incorrect. Clinton’s Welfare Program ended the Aid to Families with Dependent Children.)
- Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell (Incorrect. “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” is related to LGBTQ service members of the military and is not related to welfare.)
- North American Free Trade Agreement (Incorrect. Clinton is not referring to trade between the US, Canada, and Mexico.)
- Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) (Correct! The PRWORA substantially reconstructed the welfare system, having stricter limits on work requirements, tighter conditions for food stamps eligibility, and reductions in immigrant welfare assistance.)
A: Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA)

Q: Use the political cartoon to answer the question that follows.

What policy under the Clinton administration is this political cartoon referencing?
- Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell (Incorrect. This cartoon is not referencing “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,” which regarded LGBTQ servicemen in the military.)
- Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (Incorrect. This Act raised taxes for the top 1.2 percent of the American people and lowered them for low-income families.)
- The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (Incorrect. This was Clinton’s Welfare program and is not being referenced by the cartoon.)
- North American Free Trade Agreement (Correct! This political cartoon shows representatives from Mexico, Canada, and the United States agreeing to trade economic resources freely.)
A: North American Free Trade Agreement

Q: Which of the following led to the prosperity of the 1990s?
- The Republican Party having complete control over the executive branch. (Incorrect. Bill Clinton was a democrat and was the president from 1993 to 2001.)
- Revocation of Welfare Programs. (Incorrect. Welfare Programs were reformed under the Clinton administration, but they were not revoked.)
- Requiring those incarcerated in prison to work without compensation. (Incorrect. This was not a factor that led to the economic prosperity of the 1990s.)
- Technological change and the advent of the new information system. (Correct! Throughout the 1990s, the budget deficit turned into a surplus, and more people owned homes than ever before in the country’s history.)
A: Technological change and the advent of the new information system.

Q: Events of the 1990s, such as the siege of the Branch Davidians in Waco and the explosion of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, brought about which concerns among American citizens?
- healthcare reform (Incorrect. Neither of these events dealt with Healthcare issues and reform.)
- racial tension (Incorrect. Racial Tension was not at the center of either of these events.)
- environmental justice (Incorrect. Environmental concerns were not the focus of these events.)
- domestic terrorism (Correct! Americans were concerned that these acts of violence were happening on American soil.)
A: domestic terrorism

Q: In April 1992, police officers accused of beating Rodney King, an Black American man, were acquitted. What happened immediately after this acquittal?
- The Passing of the One America Initiative. (Incorrect. This was established in 1997 by Executive Order 13050 and encouraged community dialogue throughout the country but was not an immediate consequence of the acquittal.)
- The acquittals were reversed, and the officers were charged again. (Incorrect. The acquittals stood for the officers accused of beating Rodney King.)
- Peaceful protests began at various Town Halls throughout America. (Incorrect. The protests that took place were not peaceful, and the significant consequence of this acquittal was the Los Angeles riots.)
- The Los Angeles Riots, symbolizing racial tensions in America. (Correct! Rioting began on April 29, 1992 as Black Americans vented their rage at the police.)
A: The Los Angeles Riots, symbolizing racial tensions in America.

Q: Which of the following was a central idea of universal healthcare?
- The government pays for all health-related expenses for all citizens. (Incorrect. The system is generally organized around providing either all residents or only those who cannot afford health care on their own. .)
- Queues and wait times for major healthcare procedures were significantly reduced. (Incorrect. This was not a component of universal healthcare.)
- Doctors were required to perform procedures for no compensation. (Incorrect. Doctors still received compensation for completing healthcare procedures.)
- All residents of a country are assured access to health care. (Correct! This would answer the concern that healthcare was unaffordable to the middle class.)
A: All residents of a country are assured access to health care.

Q: What did the Oslo Accords accomplish?
- An end to the War in the Balkans. (Incorrect. As stability was brought to the Middle East, violence erupted in the Balkans.)
- Universal Health Care for all Americans. (Incorrect. The Oslo Accords were unrelated to the domestic issue of healthcare.)
- A resolution for Norway to be a participating member in NAFTA. (Incorrect. The Oslo Accords were unrelated to NAFTA.)
- It granted some self-rule to Palestinians living in the Israeli-occupied territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. (Correct! The Oslo Accords brought a level of peace to the Middle East.)
A: It granted some self-rule to Palestinians living in the Israeli-occupied territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

Q: How did President Clinton respond to “Ethnic Cleansing” against Bosnian Muslims and Croats?
- Clinton did not take any action against Bosnia. (Incorrect. Clinton agreed to U.S. participation in airstrikes against Bosnian Serbs, along with NATO intervention.)
- He immediately declared war against Bosnia for engaging in Human Rights violations. (Incorrect. Clinton did not declare war against Bosnia.)
- He urged NATO to intervene so that the United States did not have to. (Incorrect. Both NATO and the United States got involved in addressing ethnic cleansing in Bosnia.)
- Clinton agreed to U.S. participation in airstrikes against Bosnian Serbs (Correct! Clinton approved this along with NATO intervention in 1995, and an air campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999.)
A: Clinton agreed to U.S. participation in airstrikes against Bosnian Serbs

Q: How did President Clinton respond to the Rwanda Genocide?
- He sent in troops to stop the Hutu majority from the genocide. (Incorrect. President Clinton did not send in troops to Rwanda.)
- He followed the precedent that George H.W. Bush set in Somalia. (Incorrect. Bush sent U.S. soldiers to Somalia, and Clinton did not send troops to Rwanda.)
- He issued a speech declaring support for Rwanda. (Incorrect. Clinton did not issue a speech in Rwanda until after the genocide, apologizing for the US’ inaction.)
- President Clinton failed to intervene in the Rwanda Genocide. (Correct! President Clinton issued an apology for his lack of intervention during his 1998 visit to Rwanda.)
A: President Clinton failed to intervene in the Rwanda Genocide.

Q: This cartoon references which aspect of Bill Clinton’s presidency?
- Failing to intervene in the Genocide in Rwanda. (Incorrect. This cartoon is not referencing Clinton’s failure to intervene in the Genocide in Rwanda.)
- His policy of ending ethnic cleansing in Bosnia. (Incorrect. This cartoon is not referencing ethnic cleansing in Bosnia.)
- Ending Environmental Justice. (Incorrect. Environmental Justice was part of Clinton’s domestic policies and is not being referenced by this cartoon.)
- Having articles of impeachment filed on accounts of perjury. (Correct! Perjury is lying under oath, which Clinton was found guilty of in regard of lying about his sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky.)
A: Having articles of impeachment filed on accounts of perjury.

Q: In a 1998 speech, Bill Clinton stated regarding a scandal during his presidency, “I’m going to say this again, I did not have sexual relations with that woman.” What woman is Clinton referring to in his speech?
- Hillary Clinton (Incorrect. Hillary Clinton is Bill Clinton’s wife.)
- Paula Jones (Incorrect. Paula Jones was a former Arkansas state employee who filed a sexual harassment lawsuit against Bill Clinton in 1994. This is not who Clinton is referencing in the 1998 speech.)
- Janet Reno (Incorrect. Janet Reno was the Attorney General under Bill Clinton and is not who he is referring to in this excerpt.)
- Monica Lewinsky (Correct! Monica Lewinsky was the white house intern at the center of a scandal Clinton resolved he never had a sexual relationship with.)
A: Monica Lewinsky

Q: What was a consequence of Bill Clinton’s impeachment?
- He was immediately removed from office. (Incorrect. Clinton was not removed from his presidential office as a result of his impeachment.)
- He was sentenced to ten years in prison. (Incorrect. Clinton was not sentenced to prison as a consequence of his impeachment.)
- He received no punishment for any of his wrongdoing. (Incorrect. Bill Clinton was found in contempt of court and lost his law license.)
- The U.S. Supreme Court disbarred him. (Correct! Bill Clinton lost his license to practice law due to his involvement in the Lewinsky scandal and his engagement in perjury and obstruction of justice.)
A: The U.S. Supreme Court disbarred him.

Q: How does knowing about the historical context aid historians in understanding a primary source document?
- By understanding the context of a document, a historian can better describe the who, what, when, and where of the historical document. (Incorrect. This sounds more like the description of a document instead of its context. Context is about understanding the culture and society surrounding the document.)
- Understanding historical context helps to describe why the document is still important to us today. (Incorrect. This sounds more like historical significance.)
- The historical context proves causation—it can link the primary source document with the events that caused it. (Incorrect. Knowing about the historical context can definitely help explain causation as well, but the text explains that context is less about cause and effect and more about the other events and the climate going on at the time period, not necessarily what caused an event to happen.)
- The context relates an event to other events happening at the same time and adds insight into the circumstances and influences that led the author to their views. (Correct! The context helps historians to understand the milieu of the world at the time of the event. The context can help us understand why something happened and understand the time period in which it took place.)
A: The context relates an event to other events happening at the same time and adds insight into the circumstances and influences that led the author to their views.

Q: On September 19, 1985, the following was said before Congress: "My name is Dee Snider. That is S-n-i-d-e-r. I have been asked to come here to present my views on "the subject of the content of certain sound recordings and suggestions that recording packages be labeled to provide a warning to prospective purchasers of sexually explicit or other potentially offensive content.

Before I get into that, I would like to tell the committee a little bit about myself. I am 30 years old, I am married, I have a 3-year-old son. I was born and raised a Christian and I still adhere to those principles. Believe it or not, I do not smoke, I do not drink, and I do not do drugs.

I do play in and write the songs for a rock and roll band named Twisted Sister that is classified as heavy metal, and I pride myself on writing songs that are consistent with my above-mentioned beliefs...

Since I seem to be the only person addressing this committee today who has been a direct target of accusations from the presumably responsible PMRC, I would like to use this occasion to speak on a more personal note and show just how unfair the whole concept of lyrical interpretation and judgment can be and how many times this can amount to little more than character assassination.

What best describes the historical context of this event?>
- The Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), co-founded by Tipper Gore, felt that music should have explicit labels. (Incorrect. While this is true, this explains more of the cause for the congressional hearings and not the overall context and societal issues surrounding this event.)
- There was a rise in concern about preserving the traditional values and roles of women. Phyllis Schlafly organized opposition to the equal rights amendment, arguing that it would require women to be drafted into the military and they would lose protections under the law. (Incorrect. While this did happen, it happened about 6 years prior to the congressional hearings about explicit music brought about by the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC).)
- The Recording Industry Association of America agreed to put "Parental Advisory" labels on music albums. Some stores then refused to sell these albums and some would only sell them to adults and the value of doing so was debated. (Incorrect. This describes the result of the congressional hearings and not the context of the times.)
- There was a rise in popularity of rock music and music videos shown on MTV were a relatively new phenomenon. There was also a push for more conservative policies to counter growing what were considered morally liberal practices. (Correct! This explains some of the social milieu of the time period. It was because of this evolution in music and its growing availability that Tipper Gore helped to found the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) and brought the matter before Congress.)
A: There was a rise in popularity of rock music and music videos shown on MTV were a relatively new phenomenon. There was also a push for more conservative policies to counter growing what were considered morally liberal practices.